Trial reportPloS one2015
Effects of prenatal Leydig cell function on the ratio of the second to fourth digit lengths in school-aged children.
Trial report in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- The potential health risks of exposure to environmental chemicals - Global implications for future generations.Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences · 2025Review
- Twin testosterone transfer hypothesis and the second-to-fourth digit ratio in females of same-sex and opposite-sex twin pairs: An exploratory study.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- The association and underlying mechanism of the digit ratio (2D:4D) in hypospadias.Asian journal of andrology · 2024Article
- Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maternal testosterone-to-estradiol ratio measured in early pregnancy.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Digit ratio, a proposed marker of the prenatal hormone environment, is not associated with prenatal sex steroids, anogenital distance, or gender-typed play behavior in preschool age children.Journal of developmental origins of health and disease · 2021Article
- Sex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Sexual Dimorphism in Titi Monkeys' Digit (2D:4D) Ratio is Associated with Maternal Urinary Sex Hormones During Pregnancy.Developmental psychobiology · 2020Article
- Insulin-Like Peptide 3 (INSL3) Serum Concentration During Human Male Fetal Life.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2019Article
- Depression Is Associated With the Absence of Sex Differences in the 2D:4D Ratio of the Right Hand.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2019Article
- Fetal Androgens and Human Sexual Orientation: Searching for the Elusive Link.Archives of sexual behavior · 2017Article
- The Hokkaido Birth Cohort Study on Environment and Children's Health: cohort profile-updated 2017.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2017Article
- The Relationship between the Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio and Behavioral Sexual Dimorphism in School-Aged Children.PloS one · 2016Article
- The 2D:4D ratio, a proxy for prenatal androgen levels, differs in men with and without MS.Neurology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Prenatal sex hormones can induce abnormalities in the reproductive system and adversely impact on genital development. We investigated whether sex hormones in cord blood influenced the ratio of the second to fourth digit lengths (2D/4D) in school-aged children. Of the 514 children who participated in a prospective cohort study on birth in Sapporo between 2002 and 2005, the following sex hormone levels were measured in 294 stored cord blood samples (135 boys and 159 girls); testosterone (T), estradiol (E), progesterone, LH, FSH, inhibin B, and insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3). A total of 350 children, who were of school age and could be contacted for this survey, were then requested via mail to send black-and-white photocopies of the palms of both the left and right hands. 2D/4D was calculated in 190 children (88 boys and 102 girls) using photocopies and derived from participants with the characteristics of older mothers, a higher annual household income, higher educational level, and fewer smokers among family members. 2D/4D was significantly lower in males than in females (p<0.01). In the 294 stored cord blood samples, T, T/E, LH, FSH, Inhibin B, and INSL3 levels were significantly higher in samples collected from males than those from females. A multivariate regression model revealed that 2D/4D negatively correlated with INSL3 in males and was significantly higher in males with <0.32 ng/mL of INSL3 (p<0.01). No correlations were observed between other hormones and 2D/4D. In conclusion, 2D/4D in school-aged children, which was significantly lower in males than in females, was affected by prenatal Leydig cell function.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.