ReviewNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2016
Does the Magnitude of Reduction in Cigarettes Per Day Predict Smoking Cessation? A Qualitative Review.
Review in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Motivational support intervention to reduce smoking and increase physical activity in smokers not ready to quit: the TARS RCT.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of Pictorial Warning Labels for Cigarettes and Quit-Efficacy on Emotional Responses, Smoking Satisfaction, and Cigarette Consumption.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2018Trial
- A Mediation Analysis of Motivational, Reduction, and Usual Care Interventions for Smokers Who Are Not Ready to Quit.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2017Trial
- Motivational, reduction and usual care interventions for smokers who are not ready to quit: a randomized controlled trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2017Trial
- Estimations and predictors of non-compliance in switchers to reduced nicotine content cigarettes.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2016Trial
- Comparative effectiveness of motivation phase intervention components for use with smokers unwilling to quit: a factorial screening experiment.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2016Trial
- Smoking and quitting inequalities among gender-diverse adults in Great Britain: a population-based study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Evaluating Use Patterns of a Closed Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Among Adults in the United States Who Smoke Cigarettes Daily: 8-Week Actual Use Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- A secondary analysis of the effects of IQOS use on cigarette smoking: Do the effects differ by sex?Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Smoking reduction trajectories and their association with smoking cessation: a secondary analysis of longitudinal clinical trial data.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Impact of smoking reduction on lung cancer risk in patients with COPD who smoked fewer than 30 pack-years: a nationwide population-based cohort study.Respiratory research · 2024Article
- Daily support seeking as coping strategy in dual-smoker couples attempting to quit.Psychology & health · 2022Article
- Evaluating the effectiveness of e-cigarettes compared with usual care for smoking cessation when offered to smokers at homeless centres: protocol for a multi-centre cluster-randomized controlled trial in Great Britain.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Article
- Monthly Motivational Interview Counseling and Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Parents of Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Article
- Should cigarette pack sizes be capped?Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2020Article
- Smokefree home rules and cigarette smoking intensity among smokers in different stages of smoking cessation from 20 low-and-middle income countries.Preventive medicine · 2020Article
- Reduction in Cigarettes per Day Prospectively Predicts Making a Quit Attempt: A Fine-Grained Secondary Analysis of a Natural History Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2019Article
- Higher quality quit-date goal setting enhances quit attempts among quitline callers.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2019Article
- Predictors of reduced smoking quantity among recovering alcohol dependent men in a smoking cessation trial.Addictive behaviors · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionReduction in cigarettes per day (CPD) aided by nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) increases cessation in smokers; however, it is unclear whether this is due to use of NRT or reduction per se. If the latter, a greater magnitude of reduction in CPD should increase the odds of cessation.
methodsThe authors searched PubMed, Cochrane, PsychINFO, http://clinicaltrials.gov and their personal libraries for studies on smoking reduction. Seven of the 76 (9%) identified intervention trials and four of 28 naturalistic studies (14%) reported on the magnitude of reduction in relation to the odds of cessation.
resultsFive of the seven intervention trials and three of the four naturalistic observational (cohort) studies found that increased reduction in CPD was associated with increased cessation. The intervention trials that reported effect sizes found that every 1% decrease in CPD or carbon monoxide was associated with a 3% to 4% increase in the odds of cessation. The naturalistic studies found that ordinal (eg, quartile) increases in participants' magnitude of reduction in CPD were associated with 50% to 290% increases in the odds of cessation. All of the naturalistic studies and four of the intervention trials included covariates; however, reduction's association with cessation could still be due to its association with NRT use or motivation.
conclusionAlthough prospective prediction does not necessarily indicate causality, our findings suggest reduction in CPD is a mechanism of increased cessation in prior NRT-aided reduction studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.