ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2015
The role of sex hormones in immune protection of the female reproductive tract.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 266 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
266 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 423 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Schistosoma haematobium infection and treatment on the systemic and mucosal immune phenotype, gene expression and microbiome: A systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Pooled it
- The role of CD8+ T cells in endometriosis: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Changes in concentrations of cervicovaginal immune mediators across the menstrual cycle: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.BMC medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Decidual macrophages in recurrent spontaneous abortion.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Injectable contraceptives differentially affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and amenorrhea incidence†.Biology of reproduction · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Genital inflammatory status and the innate immune response to contraceptive initiation.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2022Trial
- The cervicovaginal gut microbiota axis as a key determinant of systemic physiology.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Monkeypox virus replication and host response in vaginal and ectocervical epithelial cells.Virulence · 2026Article
- Inflammation in the endometrium of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) at the time of birth.Reproduction & fertility · 2026Article
- Spatial and single-cell transcriptomics landscape of adenomyosis.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis Activity in Women with Chronic Endometritis: A Prospective Observational Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Observational
- Mucosal immunity: mechanism and application in cancer immunotherapy.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- The Impact of the Vaginal Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites on HIV Transmission at the Female Reproductive Tract Epithelial Barrier.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Menstruation is Associated With Cyclical Granulysin Peaks in Vaginal Secretions Despite Stable Expression by Cervicovaginal Immune Cells.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Article
- Deep immune profiling of endometrial and peripheral blood cells in endometriosis.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2026Observational
- Sustained mucosal delivery of SAMT-247 via an intravaginal ring reduces the risk of SIVCell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Harnessing mucosal immunity for protective vaccines.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- The Gut-Vagina Axis.Microorganisms · 2026Review
206 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Within the human female reproductive tract (FRT), the challenge of protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is coupled with the need to enable successful reproduction. Oestradiol and progesterone, which are secreted during the menstrual cycle, affect epithelial cells, fibroblasts and immune cells in the FRT to modify their functions and hence the individual's susceptibility to STIs in ways that are unique to specific sites in the FRT. The innate and adaptive immune systems are under hormonal control, and immune protection in the FRT varies with the phase of the menstrual cycle. Immune protection is dampened during the secretory phase of the cycle to optimize conditions for fertilization and pregnancy, which creates a 'window of vulnerability' during which potential pathogens can enter and infect the FRT.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.