ReviewAnnals of the American Thoracic Society2015
The Role of Surfactant in Lung Disease and Host Defense against Pulmonary Infections.
Review in Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 229 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
229 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 414 citations in OpenAlex.
- Probiotic mediated modulation of neonatal health: a meta-analysis of prematurity-related morbidity, jaundice, and respiratory distress.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome: potential of therapeutic interventions effective in treating progression from COVID-19 to treat progression from other illnesses-a systematic review.BMJ open respiratory research · 2023Pooled it
- Guideline
- [Pulmonary innate immune response in Sars-cov-2 infection]Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas (Cordoba, Argentina) · 2022Pooled it
- Association of Lipid Levels With COVID-19 Infection, Disease Severity and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Maintaining ventilation with very low tidal volume and positive-end expiratory pressure versus no ventilation during cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac surgery in adults: a randomized clinical trial.Intensive care medicine · 2025Trial
- Infection metallomics of pulmonary mucormycosis: multi-omics study of siderophore secretion, neutrophil recruitment, and lipid remodeling in rat lungs.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Improving the precision of AAV lung gene therapy for SP-B deficiency using computationally derived lung-specific promoters.Gene therapy · 2026Article
- Biosurfactant-Based Interventions for Improving Lung Function and Controlling Inflammation.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Review
- Receptor allostery promotes context-specific Sonic Hedgehog signaling during embryonic development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Pulmonary Drug Delivery in the Era of Nanomedicine: From Biological Barriers to Artificial Intelligence-Driven Optimization.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Extracorporeal near-infrared-activated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for pneumonia using an ICG-polymer formulation.Biophotonics discovery · 2026Article
- Article
- Interfacial Organization and Structural Changes in Model Lung Surfactants Induced by Methylxanthines.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2026Article
- Review
- Recent advances in the application of polymeric nanoparticles to the pulmonary delivery of mRNA.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2026Review
- The Role of the Respiratory Microbiome in Pneumonia.Clinics in chest medicine · 2026Review
- Pregabalin mitigates methotrexate-induced pulmonary injury via suppression of inflammatory and endothelial activation mechanisms: a histopathological and immunohistochemical approach.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Immune surveillance on the insect body surface recognizes a pathogen-derived fungal protease to activate defenses.Nature communications · 2026Article
169 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant is essential for life as it lines the alveoli to lower surface tension, thereby preventing atelectasis during breathing. Surfactant is enriched with a relatively unique phospholipid, termed dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, and four surfactant-associated proteins, SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D. The hydrophobic proteins, SP-B and SP-C, together with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, confer surface tension-lowering properties to the material. The more hydrophilic surfactant components, SP-A and SP-D, participate in pulmonary host defense and modify immune responses. Specifically, SP-A and SP-D bind and partake in the clearance of a variety of bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens and can dampen antigen-induced immune function of effector cells. Emerging data also show immunosuppressive actions of some surfactant-associated lipids, such as phosphatidylglycerol. Conversely, microbial pathogens in preclinical models impair surfactant synthesis and secretion, and microbial proteinases degrade surfactant-associated proteins. Deficiencies of surfactant components are classically observed in the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, where surfactant replacement therapies have been the mainstay of treatment. However, functional or compositional deficiencies of surfactant are also observed in a variety of acute and chronic lung disorders. Increased surfactant is seen in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, a disorder characterized by a functional deficiency of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor or development of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor antibodies. Genetic polymorphisms of some surfactant proteins such as SP-C are linked to interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we briefly review the composition, antimicrobial properties, and relevance of pulmonary surfactant to lung disorders and present its therapeutic implications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.