ReviewClinical pharmacokinetics2015
Clinical pharmacokinetics of inhaled antimicrobials.
Review in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Antiviral.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Pooled it
- Amikacin pharmacokinetics after nebulization among intubated patients.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Trial
- Liposomal antimicrobials in the fight against bacterial and fungal pathogens: Clinical successes and development challenges.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Impact of Antibiotic Therapy on the Upper Respiratory Tract and Gut Mycobiome in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Drugs for Pulmonary Hypertension.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2025Review
- Preparation and Study of Erythromycin Dry Powder Inhaler Based on Ternary Complex Structure.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Article
- Tolerability and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Inhaled Dry Powder Tobramycin in Children with Cystic Fibrosis.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Understanding the nebulisation of antibiotics: the key role of lung microdialysis studies.Critical care (London, England) · 2024Review
- Population pharmacokinetics and target attainment analysis of vancomycin after intermittent dosing in adults with cystic fibrosis.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2024Article
- Pulmonary infections complicating ARDS.Intensive care medicine · 2020Review
- Comparison between Colistin Sulfate Dry Powder and Solution for Pulmonary Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2020Article
- Control of the Lung Residence Time of Highly Permeable Molecules after Nebulization: Example of the Fluoroquinolones.Pharmaceutics · 2020Review
- Spore Germination as a Target for Antifungal Therapeutics.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2019Article
- Inhaled Antibiotics for Gram-Negative Respiratory Infections.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2016Review
- Mathematical models of cystic fibrosis as a systemic disease.WIREs mechanisms of diseaseReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Administration of inhaled antimicrobials affords the ability to achieve targeted drug delivery into the respiratory tract, rapid entry into the systemic circulation, high bioavailability and minimal metabolism. These unique pharmacokinetic characteristics make inhaled antimicrobial delivery attractive for the treatment of many pulmonary diseases. This review examines recent pharmacokinetic trials with inhaled antibacterials, antivirals and antifungals, with an emphasis on the clinical implications of these studies. The majority of these studies revealed evidence of high antimicrobial concentrations in the airway with limited systemic exposure, thereby reducing the risk of toxicity. Sputum pharmacokinetics varied widely, which makes it challenging to interpret the result of sputum pharmacokinetic studies. Many no vel inhaled antimicrobial therapies are currently under investigation that will require detailed pharmacokinetic studies, including combination inhaled antimicrobial therapies, inhaled nanoparticle formulations of several antibacterials, inhaled non-antimicrobial adjuvants, inhaled antiviral recombinant protein therapies and semi-synthetic inhaled antifungal agents. Additionally, the development of new inhaled delivery devices, particularly for mechanically ventilated patients, will result in a pressing need for additional pharmacokinetic studies to identify optimal dosing regimens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.