ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2014
Quotidian changes of genital tract cytokines in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected women during the menstrual cycle.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Changes in concentrations of cervicovaginal immune mediators across the menstrual cycle: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.BMC medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Cervico-vaginal inflammatory cytokine alterations after intrauterine contraceptive device insertion: A pilot study.PloS one · 2018Trial
- Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with oncogenic gene expression in Cervical Mucosa, with enhanced effects following treatment: A pilot study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- The impact of aging on innate and adaptive immunity in the human female genital tract.Aging cell · 2021Review
- Hormonal Contraception and Vaginal Infections Among Couples Who Are Human Immunodeficiency Virus Serodiscordant in Lusaka, Zambia.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2019Article
- Factors Driving the HIV Epidemic in Southern Africa.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The role of hormonal changes throughout the menstrual cycle on genital tract inflammation during chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is not well defined, but it has implications for HIV prevention. We assessed daily levels of 26 vaginal cytokines and chemokines from 15 women infected with HIV-1. Taking into account coexisting sexually transmitted infections, behavioral factors, and menstruation, this study illustrates cyclic patterns of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-α2, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Progesterone was associated with levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL-1α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Interferon-α2, IL-6, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and TNF-α levels predicted HIV shedding, but these associations were heavily influenced by the menstrual cycle.
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Registered trials
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