Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25733873›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015

Endosymbiotic gene transfer from prokaryotic pangenomes: Inherited chimerism in eukaryotes.

Chuan Ku, Shijulal Nelson-Sathi, Mayo Roettger, Sriram Garg, Einat Hazkani-Covo, William F Martin

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
72citing papers in PubMed
8.0field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

72 citing papers in PubMed, 132 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Mosaic evolution of eukaryotic carbon metabolism.Nature ecology & evolution · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Plant terrestrialization: an environmental pull on the evolution of multi-sourced streptophyte phenolics.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024
    Review
  10. Evolution of plant metabolism: the state-of-the-art.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024
    Review
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Loss of plastidComputational and structural biotechnology journal · 2023
    Article
  20. hgtseq: A Standard Pipeline to Study Horizontal Gene Transfer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022
    Article

12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Chuan KuInstitute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; and.
Shijulal Nelson-SathiInstitute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; and.
Mayo RoettgerInstitute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; and.
Sriram GargInstitute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; and.
Einat Hazkani-CovoDepartment of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana 43107, Israel.
William F MartinInstitute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; and bill@hhu.de.
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf · DEOpen University of Israel · IL

Funding

European Research Council 232975
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Endosymbiotic theory in eukaryotic-cell evolution rests upon a foundation of three cornerstone partners--the plastid (a cyanobacterium), the mitochondrion (a proteobacterium), and its host (an archaeon)--and carries a corollary that, over time, the majority of genes once present in the organelle genomes were relinquished to the chromosomes of the host (endosymbiotic gene transfer). However, notwithstanding eukaryote-specific gene inventions, single-gene phylogenies have never traced eukaryotic genes to three single prokaryotic sources, an issue that hinges crucially upon factors influencing phylogenetic inference. In the age of genomes, single-gene trees, once used to test the predictions of endosymbiotic theory, now spawn new theories that stand to eventually replace endosymbiotic theory with descriptive, gene tree-based variants featuring supernumerary symbionts: prokaryotic partners distinct from the cornerstone trio and whose existence is inferred solely from single-gene trees. We reason that the endosymbiotic ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts brought into the eukaryotic--and plant and algal--lineage a genome-sized sample of genes from the proteobacterial and cyanobacterial pangenomes of their respective day and that, even if molecular phylogeny were artifact-free, sampling prokaryotic pangenomes through endosymbiotic gene transfer would lead to inherited chimerism. Recombination in prokaryotes (transduction, conjugation, transformation) differs from recombination in eukaryotes (sex). Prokaryotic recombination leads to pangenomes, and eukaryotic recombination leads to vertical inheritance. Viewed from the perspective of endosymbiotic theory, the critical transition at the eukaryote origin that allowed escape from Muller's ratchet--the origin of eukaryotic recombination, or sex--might have required surprisingly little evolutionary innovation.

Indexed as

Evolution, MolecularGene Transfer, HorizontalAllelesAnimalsChloroplastsComputational BiologyCyanobacteriaDNA, BacterialEscherichia coliGenomeGenome, BacterialHumansMitochondriaPhylogenyPlastidsRecombination, GeneticDNA, Bacterialendosymbiosisevolutionlateral gene transfermitochondriaplastids

Identifiers

PMID25733873
PMCPMC4547308
OpenAlexW2112315872

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.