ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2015
Effects of azithromycin, metronidazole, amoxicillin, and metronidazole plus amoxicillin on an in vitro polymicrobial subgingival biofilm model.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adjunctive Systemic Amoxicillin and Metronidazole Following Surgical Peri-Implantitis Treatment: A Single-Blind Randomised Controlled Trial With a 1-Year Follow-Up.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2026Trial
- Combined effects of nitrate and antimicrobial compounds on in vitro subgingival biofilms.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Synergistic potential of antibiotics against anFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Tackling Microbial Contamination in Polydioxanone-Based Membranes for Regenerative Therapy: Bioengineering an Antibiotic-Loaded Platform.ACS applied bio materials · 2025Article
- Combination of Neovestitol and Vestitol Modifies the Profile of Periodontitis-Related Subgingival Multispecies Biofilm.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial Activity of Methylene Blue Associated with Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro Study in Multi-Species Oral Biofilm.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Optically accessible, 3D-printed flow chamber with integrated sensors for the monitoring of oral multispecies biofilm growthFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Antibiofilm Activity and Mechanism of Linalool against Food SpoilageInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Antibacterial Activity of a Bioactive Tooth-Coating Material Containing Surface Pre-Reacted Glass in a Complex Multispecies Subgingival Biofilm.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- The Oral Microbiota: Community Composition, Influencing Factors, Pathogenesis, and Interventions.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Classic vs. Novel Antibacterial Approaches for Eradicating Dental Biofilm as Adjunct to Periodontal Debridement: An Evidence-Based Overview.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Metabolic activity of hydro-carbon-oxo-borate on a multispecies subgingival periodontal biofilm: a short communication.Clinical oral investigations · 2021Article
- Modified SHI medium supports growth of a disease-state subgingival polymicrobial community in vitro.Molecular oral microbiology · 2021Article
- Brazilian Red Propolis Is as Effective as Amoxicillin in Controlling Red-Complex of Multispecies Subgingival Mature Biofilm In Vitro.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Antibacterial action of nitric oxide-releasing hyperbranched polymers against ex vivo dental biofilms.Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials · 2020Article
- Comparing the Antimicrobial In Vitro Efficacy of Amoxicillin/Metronidazole against Azithromycin-A Systematic Review.Dentistry journal · 2018Review
- Complementary Methodologies To Investigate Human Gut Microbiota in Host Health, Working towards Integrative Systems Biology.Journal of bacteriology · 2018Review
- The effect of metronidazole plus amoxicillin or metronidazole plus penicillin V on periodontal pathogens in an in vitro biofilm model.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2018Article
- Antibiotic effects against periodontal bacteria in organ cultured tissue.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2017Article
- Effect of azithromycin on a red complex polymicrobial biofilm.Journal of oral microbiology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is one of the most prevalent human diseases and is caused by dysbiosis of the subgingival microbiota. Treatment involves primarily mechanical disruption of subgingival biofilms and, in certain cases, adjunctive use of systemic antibiotic therapy. In vitro biofilm models have been developed to study antimicrobial agents targeting subgingival species. However, these models accommodate a limited number of taxa, lack reproducibility, and have low throughput. We aimed to develop an in vitro multispecies biofilm model that mimics subgingival plaque, to test antimicrobial agents. Biofilms were cultivated using the Calgary Biofilm Device and were exposed to amoxicillin (AMX), metronidazole (MTZ), azithromycin (AZM), and AMX-MTZ at four different concentrations for 12, 24, or 36 h. Chlorhexidine (CHX) (0.12%) was used as the positive control. The compositions of the biofilms were analyzed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization, and the percent reduction in biofilm metabolic activity was determined using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and spectrophotometry. Thirty-five of the 40 species used in the inoculum were consistently recovered from the resulting in vitro biofilms. After 36 h of exposure at the 1:27 dilution, AMX-MTZ reduced metabolic activity 11% less than CHX (q = 0.0207) but 54% more than AMX (q = 0.0031), 72% more than MTZ (q = 0.0031), and 67% more than AZM (q = 0.0008). Preliminary evidence of a synergistic interaction between AMX and MTZ was also observed. In summary, we developed reproducible biofilms with 35 subgingival bacterial species, and our results suggested that the combination of AMX and MTZ had greater antimicrobial effects on these in vitro multispecies biofilms than expected on the basis of the independent effects of the drugs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.