Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25732911›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2015

Massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in a protostome.

Linlin Zhang, Li Li, Ximing Guo, Gary W Litman, Larry J Dishaw, Guofan Zhang

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
114citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

114 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. The genome of a keystone predator: adaptive innovations in Charonia tritonis drive specialized predation and coral reef resilience.DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes · 2026
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  4. Review
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  7. Article
  8. Genome of Kumamoto OysterEvolutionary applications · 2025
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Cross-talk and mutual shaping between the immune system and the microbiota during an oyster's life.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024
    Review
  14. Review
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Linlin ZhangInstitute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
Li LiInstitute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
Ximing GuoHaskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Institute of National and Local Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA.
Gary W Litman1] Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA [2] All Children's Hospital Johns Hopkins Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
Larry J DishawMorsani College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
Guofan ZhangInstitute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.

Funding

EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF IMMUNE-TYPE GENESR01AI023338 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI LITMAN, GARY WILLIAM · 1985 to 2014
$3.6M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI023338NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI23338
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The molecules that mediate innate immunity are encoded by relatively few genes and exhibit broad specificity. Detailed annotation of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) genome, a protostome invertebrate, reveals large-scale duplication and divergence of multigene families encoding molecules that effect innate immunity. Transcriptome analyses indicate dynamic and orchestrated specific expression of numerous innate immune genes in response to experimental challenge with pathogens, including bacteria, and a pathogenic virus. Variable expression of individual members of the multigene families encoding these genes also occurs during different types of abiotic stress (environmentally-equivalent conditions of temperature, salinity and desiccation). Multiple families of immune genes are responsive in concert to certain biotic and abiotic challenges. Individual members of expanded families of immune genes are differentially expressed under both biotic challenge and abiotic stress conditions. Members of the same families of innate immune molecules also are transcribed in developmental stage- and tissue-specific manners. An integrated, highly complex innate immune system that exhibits remarkable discriminatory properties and responses to different pathogens as well as environmental stress has arisen through the adaptive recruitment of tandem duplicated genes. The co-adaptive evolution of stress and innate immune responses appears to have an ancient origin in phylogeny.

Indexed as

AnimalsEvolution, MolecularGene DuplicationGene Expression ProfilingGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalHost-Pathogen InteractionsImmunity, InnateMultigene FamilyOstreidaePhylogenyStress, PhysiologicalToll-Like ReceptorsTranscriptomeToll-Like Receptors

Identifiers

PMID25732911
PMCPMC4346834

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.