ReviewNature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology2015
Epidemiology and risk factors for IBD.
Review in Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 905 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Vitamin D Dosing Strategy for Adequate Repletion and Maintenance in IBD Patients With Minimal Disease Activity
Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Ulcerative Colitis: a Randomized, Sham Controlled Trial
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Crohn's Disease as Relay After Anti-TNF Withdrawal
Who cites it
905 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,698 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of dietary supplements for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, a network meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Interventions for maintenance of surgically induced remission in Crohn's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMJ open gastroenterology · 2025Pooled it
- Radiation Therapy for Abdominal or Pelvic Cancer Treatment in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Varying patterns of risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease in the East and the West: insights from the global burden of disease study 2021.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Pharmacogenetics in Response to Biological Agents in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Association between pro-inflammatory diet and ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of red meat and processed meat consumption on the risk of development and relapse of ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Risk Factors for Gallstones in Crohn's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2024Pooled it
- HIV infection increases the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Factors associated with decreased ovarian reserve in Crohn's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Pooled it
- Modulation of Microbiota-Derived Bile Acids Linked to Symptom Amelioration in Crohn's Disease: Insights From a Randomized Clinical Trial With Xanthohumol Supplementation.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Trial
- Preventive administration of verapamil attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Article
- Disease phenotype affects treatment of late-onset inflammatory bowel disease: Analysis of a large UK cohort.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2026Observational
- Antifungal therapy improves microbiome dynamics in inflammatory bowel disease.Nature medicine · 2026Observational
- Orally available Colivin traps TRPV3 in an inactive state and suppresses intestinal inflammation.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Regulator of G protein signaling 6 (RGS6) controls the effect of cannabinoids on intestinal tract motility and visceral pain sensation in mice.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Article
- Advancements in the study of gut microbiome in disease diagnosis.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Rising Burden and Clinical Impact of Metabolic Syndrome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Real-World Cohort Study.United European gastroenterology journal · 2026Article
- An adapted health system access framework for avoidable inflammatory bowel disease admissions: a scoping review.Crohn's & colitis 360 · 2026Review
845 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
IBD, comprising Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic immunologically mediated disease at the intersection of complex interactions between genetics, environment and gut microbiota. Established high-prevalence populations of IBD in North America and Europe experienced the steepest increase in incidence towards the second half of the twentieth century. Furthermore, populations previously considered 'low risk' (such as in Japan and India) are witnessing an increase in incidence. Potentially relevant environmental influences span the spectrum of life from mode of childbirth and early-life exposures (including breastfeeding and antibiotic exposure in infancy) to exposures later on in adulthood (including smoking, major life stressors, diet and lifestyle). Data support an association between smoking and Crohn's disease whereas smoking cessation, but not current smoking, is associated with an increased risk of ulcerative colitis. Dietary fibre (particularly fruits and vegetables), saturated fats, depression and impaired sleep, and low vitamin D levels have all been associated with incident IBD. Interventional studies assessing the effects of modifying these risk factors on natural history and patient outcomes are an important unmet need. In this Review, the changing epidemiology of IBD, mechanisms behind various environmental associations and interventional studies to modify risk factors and disease course are discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.