ReviewMediators of inflammation2015
Inflammatory cytokines: potential biomarkers of immunologic dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders.
Review in Mediators of inflammation, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 214 citations in OpenAlex.
- Presymptomatic Biological, Structural, and Functional Diagnostic Biomarkers of Autism Spectrum Disorder.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Pooled it
- Association of Peripheral Blood Levels of Cytokines With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Randomized Controlled Trial of Omega-3 and -6 Fatty Acid Supplementation to Reduce Inflammatory Markers in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2022Trial
- Article
- A Developmental Neuroimmune Cascade Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Learning Explainable Imaging-Genetics Associations Related to a Neurological Disorder.Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention : MICCAI ... International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention · 2026Article
- Investigating the Effects of Vortioxetine in an Experimental Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Role of NOD-like Receptor Protein-3 Inflammasome Pathway.Psychiatry and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Interplay Between VCAM-1 and PGE2 Levels and Autism Spectrum Disorder Severity in Children-A Preliminary Single-Center Analysis.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Oxidative Stress-Related Genes Are Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Innovative biomarker exploration in ASD: Combining Graph Neural Networks and permutation testing on fMRI data.Neuroimage. Reports · 2025Article
- Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Unveiling Multipollutant Risks and Sociodemographic Influences in California.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Plumbagin Alleviates Social Behavior Deficits in a Valproic Acid Model of Autism by Reducing Glial Activation and Oxidative Stress in the Cerebellum.Neurochemical research · 2025Article
- Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Neuroinflammatory Mediated Mechanism of Pathogenesis?Inflammation · 2025Review
- tVNS alters inflammatory response in adult VPA-induced mouse model of autism: evidence for sexual dimorphism.FEBS open bio · 2025Article
- Transient CSF1R inhibition ameliorates behavioral deficits in Cntnap2 knockout and valproic acid-exposed mouse models of autism.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Microglial priming by IFN-γ involves STAT1-mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Article
- Immunological Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role of TNF-Alpha and Dependent Trends in Serum IL-6 and CXCL8.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Intranasal Insulin Eases Autism in Rats via GDF-15 and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Article
- Mast Cells in Autism Spectrum Disorder-The Enigma to Be Solved?International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Alterations in Plasma Cytokine Levels in Korean Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Yonsei medical journal · 2024Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autism is a disorder of neurobiological origin characterized by problems in communication and social skills and repetitive behavior. After more than six decades of research, the etiology of autism remains unknown, and no biomarkers have been proven to be characteristic of autism. A number of studies have shown that the cytokine levels in the blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of autistic subjects differ from that of healthy individuals; for example, a series of studies suggests that interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) are significantly elevated in different tissues in autistic subjects. However, the expression of some cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-2, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), is controversial, and different studies have found various results in different tissues. In this review, we focused on several types of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that might affect different cell signal pathways and play a role in the pathophysiological mechanism of autistic spectrum disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.