Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25728502›Full record

ArticleResearch in nursing & health2015

Assessment effects in educational and psychosocial intervention trials: an important but often-overlooked problem.

Mi-Kyung Song, Sandra E Ward

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Research in nursing & health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
3.2field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Trial
  2. Trial
  3. Trial
  4. Trial
  5. Trial
  6. Trial
  7. Advance care planning and end-of-life decision making in dialysis: a randomized controlled trial targeting patients and their surrogates.American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation · 2015
    Trial
  8. Trial
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Knowledge assessment tools in atopic dermatitis patient education: a scoping review.Allergy, asthma, and clinical immunology : official journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2025
    Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Observational
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Mi-Kyung SongAssociate Professor and Beerstecher and Blackwell Term Distinguished Scholar, School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 7460 Carrington Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599.
Sandra E WardHelen Denne Schulte Professor Emerita, School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · USUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison · US

Funding

Representational Intervention to Promote End-of-Life Decision-Making PreparationR01NR011464 · NINR · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI SONG, MI-KYUNG · 2009 to 2013
$3.1M
NINR NIH HHS R01 NR011464
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Baseline assessments and repeated measures are an essential part of educational and psychosocial intervention trials, but merely measuring an outcome of interest can modify that outcome, either by the measurement process alone or by interacting with the intervention to strengthen or weaken the intervention effects. Assessment effects can result in biased estimates of intervention effects and may not be controlled by the usual two-group randomized controlled trial design. In this paper, we review the concept of assessment effects and other related phenomena, briefly describe study designs that estimate assessment effects separately from intervention effects and discuss their strengths and limitations, review evidence regarding the strength of assessment effects in intervention trials targeting behavior change, and discuss implications for intervention research.

Indexed as

Controlled Clinical Trials as TopicData Interpretation, StatisticalHealth BehaviorHumansPatient Education as TopicRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicResearch DesignRisk Reduction Behaviorassessment effectsbehavior changebiasexternal validityinternal validityinterventionsmeasurementrandomized trials

Identifiers

PMID25728502
PMCPMC4439294
OpenAlexW1577379552

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.