SynthesisAmerican journal of public health2015
A hierarchy of unhealthy food promotion effects: identifying methodological approaches and knowledge gaps.
Synthesis in American journal of public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of food, beverage, and alcohol brand marketing on consumptive behaviors and health in children and adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025Pooled it
- Food marketing, eating and health outcomes in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The British journal of nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic review of the effect of policies to restrict the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to which children are exposed.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2022Pooled it
- The influence of unhealthy food and beverage marketing through social media and advergaming on diet-related outcomes in children-A systematic review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2022Pooled it
- Food Marketing Influences Children's Attitudes, Preferences and Consumption: A Systematic Critical Review.Nutrients · 2019Pooled it
- Are wePublic health nutrition · 2026Trial
- The impact of brand advertising on children's food preferences and behavioural intentions: an experimental study.Public health nutrition · 2025Trial
- Can counter-advertising diminish persuasive effects of conventional and pseudo-healthy unhealthy food product advertising on parents?: an experimental study.BMC public health · 2020Trial
- Sustained impact of energy-dense TV and online food advertising on children's dietary intake: a within-subject, randomised, crossover, counter-balanced trial.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2018Trial
- Food-related sponsorship of children's sports clubs in two Canadian policy environments: a survey of sports club representatives.Health promotion international · 2026Article
- Alignment of Food Policies and Cardiovascular Disease Burden: Insights from the Literature.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2026Review
- Food marketing on the International Food and Beverage Alliance's Mexican websites during Covid-19.Salud publica de Mexico · 2026Article
- More than Entertainment: The Association of Social Media Exposure with Adolescents' Preferences for and Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Adolescents' spontaneous recall of food and beverage advertisements on digital media: a cross-sectional survey in Montevideo, Uruguay.Public health nutrition · 2025Article
- The Influence of Social Media-like Cues on Visual Attention-An Eye-Tracking Study with Food Products.Journal of eye movement research · 2025Article
- The nature and frequency of food and beverage marketing on Kenyan national television: a mixed-method analysis of food advertisements, parent and children's perspectives.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Understanding the marketing of BMS in China through pregnant women and new mothers' diary.Globalization and health · 2025Article
- Associations between exposure to digital food marketing and food consumption in adolescence: a cross-sectional study in an emerging country.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The power of product: how food advertising affects children's perceptions of child and non-child targeted food advertising?BMC public health · 2025Article
- Social media food marketing landscape of children living in Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Piloting the WHO CLICK framework, results and lessons learned.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We assessed the evidence for a conceptual "hierarchy of effects" of marketing, to guide understanding of the relationship between children's exposure to unhealthy food marketing and poor diets and overweight, and drive the research agenda. We reviewed studies assessing the impact of food promotions on children from MEDLINE, Web of Science, ABI Inform, World Health Organization library database, and The Gray Literature Report. We included articles published in English from 2009 to 2013, with earlier articles from a 2009 systematic review. We grouped articles by outcome of exposure and assessed outcomes within a framework depicting a hierarchy of effects of marketing exposures. Evidence supports a logical sequence of effects linking food promotions to individual-level weight outcomes. Future studies should demonstrate the sustained effects of marketing exposure, and exploit variations in exposures to assess differences in outcomes longitudinally.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.