ArticleTropical parasitology
Balamuthia mandrillaris: Morphology, biology, and virulence.
Article in Tropical parasitology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: pathogenesis, diagnostic advances, therapeutic challenges, and emerging treatment strategies.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2026Review
- Molecular identification of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae in environmental samples from urban areas of Kerman, Southeastern Iran.Parasite epidemiology and control · 2026Article
- UnmaskingCase reports in infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Isolation and Molecular Identification of Potentially Pathogenic Free-Living Amoeba in Tap Water Faucets in Quezon City, Philippines.Journal of parasitology research · 2026Article
- Isolation and Environmental Detection of Balamuthia mandrillaris in Isfahan, Iran.Environmental microbiology reports · 2025Article
- Pulmonary infection due toASM case reports · 2025Article
- Cyclic Peptide Natural Product Inspired Inhibitors of the Free-Living AmoebaJournal of natural products · 2025Article
- Immunogens in Balamuthia mandrillaris: a proteomic exploration.Parasitology research · 2024Article
- Isolation and habitat analysis of Balamuthia mandrillaris from soil.Parasitology research · 2024Article
- A case report ofHeliyon · 2024Article
- Glucose metabolism in the pathogenic free-living amoebae: Tempting targets for treatment development.Chemical biology & drug design · 2024Review
- Amoebae: beyond pathogens- exploring their benefits and future potential.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Application of ventriculoscopy in granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: a case report in China and literature review.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of Persistence in Protozoan Parasites.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Identification and genotyping ofParasite epidemiology and control · 2023Article
- Characterization of Glucokinases from Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Nanovehicles in the improved treatment of infections due to brain-eating amoebae.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2022Review
- Balamuthia mandrillaris infection: report of 1st autochthonous, fatal case in Italy.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2022Article
- Balamuthia spinosa n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Discosea) from the brackish-water sediments of Nivå Bay (Baltic Sea, The Sound) - a novel potential vector of Legionella pneumophila in the environment.Parasitology research · 2022Article
- Various brain-eating amoebae: the protozoa, the pathogenesis, and the disease.Frontiers of medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Balamuthia mandrillaris is a protist pathogen that can cause encephalitis with a fatality rate of >95%. This is due to our incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of B. mandrillaris encephalitis. B. mandrillaris has two stages in its life cycle, an active trophozoite stage during which it divides mitotically. However, under unfavorable conditions, the trophozoite transforms into a dormant cyst stage. A major concern during the course of therapy is that B. mandrillaris can transform into cysts. Cysts are highly resistant to physical and chemical conditions and present a problem in successful antimicrobial chemotherapy. Several lines of evidence suggest that B. mandrillaris encephalitis develops as a result of hematogenous spread, but it is unclear how circulating amoebae enter the central nervous system and cause inflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neuronal injury. Recent studies have identified several parasite-host determinants for B. mandrillaris translocation of the blood-brain barrier, and host inflammatory markers that may be associated with neuronal injury. These determinants may provide important targets for the prevention and treatment of this devastating infection. Here, we present a brief overview of the current understanding of the morphology, biology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology of B. mandrillaris encephalitis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.