ArticleArchives of toxicology2016
Bioavailability of cyanide after consumption of a single meal of foods containing high levels of cyanogenic glycosides: a crossover study in humans.
Article in Archives of toxicology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06491095 (A Randomized, Controlled, Cross-over Trial Examining the Effect of Flaxseed on Blood Cyanide Levels in Healthy Adults), which is not on this map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized, Controlled, Cross-over Trial Examining the Effect of Flaxseed on Blood Cyanide Levels in Healthy Adults
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Validation of single nucleotide polymorphism markers associated with hydrogen cyanide, total carotenoid and dry matter contents in cassava (Frontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Edible Tubers as a Source of Bioactive Compounds in Baked Goods: Benefits and Drawbacks.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A coumarin-nicotinic hydrazone probe for chromofluorogenic detection of toxic cyanide ions and its application in molecular logic gate and real water samples analysis.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2025Article
- Traditional Use, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Applications of Persicae Semen: A Review.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2024Review
- Article
- The two faces of cyanide: an environmental toxin and a potential novel mammalian gasotransmitter.The FEBS journal · 2022Review
- Effect of Fermentation on Cyanide and Ethyl Carbamate Contents in Cassava Flour and Evaluation of Their Mass Balance during Lab-Scale Continuous Distillation.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Amygdalin: Toxicity, Anticancer Activity and Analytical Procedures for Its Determination in Plant Seeds.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Cyanogenic Glycoside Analysis in American Elderberry.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Proximate Composition, Cyanide Content, and Carotenoid Retention after Boiling of Provitamin A-Rich Cassava Grown in Ghana.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Veganism and paediatric food allergy: two increasingly prevalent dietary issues that are challenging when co-occurring.BMC pediatrics · 2020Review
- Article
- Effect of Linseed (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2020Article
- Determination of Cyanide in Water and Food Samples Using an Efficient Naphthalene-Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe.ACS omega · 2019Article
- Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2019Article
- Myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of cyanide to cyanate: A potential carbamylation route involved in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques?The Journal of biological chemistry · 2018Article
- Cyanides in the environment-analysis-problems and challenges.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2017Review
- Oral Glycine and Sodium Thiosulfate for Lethal Cyanide Ingestion.Journal of clinical toxicology · 2017Article
- Cyanide Toxicity of Freshly Prepared Smoothies and Juices Frequently Consumed.European journal of nutrition & food safetyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The acute toxicity of cyanide is determined by its peak levels reached in the body. Compared to the ingestion of free cyanide, lower peak levels may be expected after consumption of foods containing cyanogenic glycosides with the same equivalent dose of cyanide. This is due to possible delayed and/or incomplete release of cyanide from the cyanogenic glycosides depending on many factors. Data on bioavailability of cyanide after consumption of foods containing high levels of cyanogenic glycosides as presented herein were necessary to allow a meaningful risk assessment for these foods. A crossover study was carried out in 12 healthy adults who consumed persipan paste (equivalent total cyanide: 68 mg/kg), linseed (220 mg/kg), bitter apricot kernels (about 3250 mg/kg), and fresh cassava roots (76-150 mg/kg), with each "meal" containing equivalents of 6.8 mg cyanide. Cyanide levels were determined in whole blood using a GC-MS method with K(13)C(15)N as internal standard. Mean levels of cyanide at the different time points were highest after consumption of cassava (15.4 µM, after 37.5 min) and bitter apricot kernels (14.3 µM, after 20 min), followed by linseed (5.7 µM, after 40 min) and 100 g persipan (1.3 µM, after 105 min). The double dose of 13.6 mg cyanide eaten with 200 g persipan paste resulted in a mean peak level of 2.9 µM (after 150 min). An acute reference dose of 0.075 mg/kg body weight was derived being valid for a single application/meal of cyanides or hydrocyanic acid as well as of unprocessed foods with cyanogenic glycosides also containing the accompanying intact β-glucosidase. For some of these foods, this approach may be overly conservative due to delayed release of cyanide, as demonstrated for linseed. In case of missing or inactivated β-glucosidase, the hazard potential is much lower.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.