ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2015
Estimated exposure to arsenic in breastfed and formula-fed infants in a United States cohort.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 48 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances concentrations in human milk and infant formula in the United States: a systematic review.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of environmental pollution on the quality of mother's milk.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2019Pooled it
- Return to baseline arsenic concentrations after 1 year on gluten-free diet in children with celiac disease: A prospective cohort study.JPGN reports · 2026Article
- The Association Between Maternal Dietary Intake and the Risk of Heavy Metals in Human Breast Milk in Korea.Toxics · 2025Article
- Heavy metal exposures in aerodigestive clinic cohort of infants with reflux or dysphagia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Quantified retrospective biomonitoring of fetal and infant elemental exposure using LA-ICP-MS analysis of deciduous dentin in three contrasting human cohorts.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- Deciduous teeth from the New Hampshire birth cohort study: Early life environmental and dietary predictors of dentin elements.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Assessment of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in the Human Milk of Women Living in Latvia and an Evaluation of Influencing Factors.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants' exposure.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Urinary biomarkers of exposure to toxic and essential elements: A comparison of infants fed with human milk or formula.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2024Article
- Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2024Article
- Bacterial Modification of the Association Between Arsenic and Autism-Related Social Behavior Scores.Exposure and health · 2023Article
- Human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in the breast milk consumed by infants in Western Iran.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Dietary Exposure to Essential and Non-essential Elements During Infants' First Year of Life in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study.Exposure and health · 2023Article
- Comparative Biomonitoring of Arsenic Exposure in Mothers and Their Neonates in Comarca Lagunera, Mexico.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Contribution of gut bacteria to arsenic metabolism in the first year of life in a prospective birth cohort.Environmental research · 2022Article
- Infant infections, respiratory symptoms, and allergy in relation to timing of rice cereal introduction in a United States cohort.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Navigating a Two-Way Street: Metal Toxicity and the Human Gut Microbiome.Environmental health perspectives · 2022Article
- The risk estimation and assessment of heavy metal exposure by biomonitoring in the breast milk of mothers in the Cukurova Region, Turkey.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Article
- Health Risk Assessments of Selected Trace Elements and Factors Associated with Their Levels in Human Breast Milk from Pretoria, South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrevious studies indicate that concentrations of arsenic in breast milk are relatively low even in areas with high drinking-water arsenic. However, it is uncertain whether breastfeeding leads to reduced infant exposure to arsenic in regions with lower arsenic concentrations.
objectiveWe estimated the relative contributions of breast milk and formula to arsenic exposure during early infancy in a U.S.
methodsWe measured arsenic in home tap water (n = 874), urine from 6-week-old infants (n = 72), and breast milk from mothers (n = 9) enrolled in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Using data from a 3-day food diary, we compared urinary arsenic across infant feeding types and developed predictive exposure models to estimate daily arsenic intake from breast milk and formula.
resultsUrinary arsenic concentrations were generally low (median, 0.17 μg/L; maximum, 2.9 μg/L) [corrected] but 7.5 times higher for infants fed exclusively with formula than for infants fed exclusively with breast milk (β = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.21, 2.83; p < 0.0001, adjusted for specific gravity). Similarly, the median estimated daily arsenic intake by NHBCS infants was 5.5 times higher for formula-fed infants (0.22 μg/kg/day) than for breastfed infants (0.04 μg/kg/day). Given median arsenic concentrations measured in NHBCS tap water and previously published for formula powder, formula powder was estimated to account for ~ 70% of median exposure among formula-fed NHBCS infants.
conclusionsOur findings suggest that breastfed infants have lower arsenic exposure than formula-fed infants, and that both formula powder and drinking water can be sources of exposure for U.S. infants.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.