Observational studyAmerican journal of ophthalmology2015
Alteration of galectin-3 in tears of patients with dry eye disease.
Observational study in American journal of ophthalmology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Corneal Epithelial Stem Cell Supernatant in the Treatment of Severe Dry Eye Disease: A Pilot Study.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Trial
- Mapping galectin-3 ligands in human tear fluid establishes spliceoform-dependent lacritin binding.Communications biology · 2026Article
- A comprehensive review of tear fluid proteome alterations in dry eye disease: Insights into pathophysiology and biomarker potential.The ocular surface · 2026Review
- Emerging mechanisms in dry eye disease: apoptosis-associated tear MicroRNAs and toxicant-related alterations of the glycocalyx and lipid rafts.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Dry eye-related tear biomarkers MMP-2, MMP-13, and IFN-γ: potential predictors of Type III acute acquired concomitant esotropia.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Ocular surface glycocalyx in health and disease.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Deciphering disease through glycan codes: leveraging lectin microarrays for clinical insights.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2024Review
- Impact of galectin-3 on neurotrophic factor expression by PCR array: potential implications for the human cornea.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Article
- Investigation of Inter- and Intra-Day Variability of Tear Fluid Regarding Flow Rate, Protein Concentration as well as Protein Composition.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- The miR-183/96/182 cluster is a checkpoint for resident immune cells and shapes the cellular landscape of the cornea.The ocular surface · 2023Article
- Galectin-3, a damage-associated molecular pattern, in tears of patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Tear biomarkers in dry eye disease: Progress in the last decade.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Review
- Porcine Corneas Incubated at Low Humidity Present Characteristic Features Found in Dry Eye Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Transmembrane Mucin 1 Blocks Fluorescein Ingress to Corneal Epithelium.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
- Inhibition of Galectin-3 Impairs Antifungal Immune Response in Fungal Keratitis.Disease markers · 2022Article
- Analysis of the Association between Galectin-3 Concentration in Tears and the Severity of Dry Eye Disease: A Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- The ocular surface immune system through the eyes of aging.The ocular surface · 2021Review
- Galectins as Regulators of Corneal Inflammation.Current opinion in physiology · 2021Article
- The Role of Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides in Modulating Innate Immunity of the Ocular Surface in Dry Eye Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Disrupted Glycocalyx as a Source of Ocular Surface Biomarkers.Eye & contact lens · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo investigate the expression, release, and proteolytic degradation of galectin-3 in patients with dry eye disease.
designObservational case series with a comparison group.
methodsTear washes and conjunctival impression cytology specimens were collected through standard procedures from 16 patients with dry eye and 11 age-matched healthy subjects. Galectin-3 content in tears was analyzed by quantitative Western blot, using recombinant galectin-3 protein to generate a calibration curve. The relative expression of galectin-3 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The cleavage of galectin-3 was studied in vitro using activated recombinant MMP9 and protease inhibitors.
resultsThe concentration of galectin-3 protein in tears, but not galectin-3 expression in conjunctival epithelium, was significantly higher in tears of patients with dry eye (0.38 ng/μg total protein, range 0.04-1.36) compared to healthy subjects (0.12 ng/μg total protein, range 0.00-0.41) (P < .01). By Western blot, an intact (∼28.0 kDa) galectin-3 band was identified in tear samples from healthy subjects, whereas 50% of the dry eye samples were characterized by the additional presence of a partially degraded form (∼25.4 kDa). In our experiments, elevated expression of MMP9 in dry eye subjects correlated with the ability of active MMP9 to cleave galectin-3 from recombinant origin. Interestingly, cleavage of endogenous galectin-3 in tear samples was impaired using a broad-spectrum proteinase inhibitor cocktail, but not the pan-specific MMP inhibitor GM6001, suggesting the presence of proteases other than MMPs in promoting galectin-3 degradation in dry eye.
conclusionsOur results indicate that release of cellular galectin-3 into tears is associated with epithelial dysfunction in dry eye, and that galectin-3 proteolytic cleavage may contribute to impaired ocular surface barrier function.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.