ReviewNutrients2015
Arginine and citrulline and the immune response in sepsis.
Review in Nutrients, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 204 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early intravenous branched-chain amino acid-enriched nutrition supplementation in older patients undergoing gastric surgery: a randomized clinical trial.Nutrition journal · 2024Trial
- Enteral citrulline supplementation versus placebo on SOFA score on day 7 in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: the IMMUNOCITRE randomized clinical trial.Critical care (London, England) · 2023Trial
- Combined Metabolic Activators Accelerates Recovery in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2021Trial
- Eight weeks of resistance training in conjunction with glutathione and L-Citrulline supplementation increases lean mass and has no adverse effects on blood clinical safety markers in resistance-trained males.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2018Trial
- Heat stress enhances gut microbial arginine catabolism to amplify MyD88-dependent inflammatory responses.Microbiome · 2026Article
- Gut barrier dysfunction and multidrug-resistant bacterial translocation in adult critical illness: Mechanistic insights from a systematic review.World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology · 2026Article
- Macrophage metabolism reprogramming in sepsis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Metabolic changes and plasma glycine predict the risk of acute cellular rejection in heart transplantation.JTCVS open · 2026Article
- Sepsis and the immunometabolic inflammatory response.npj metabolic health and disease · 2026Review
- Enteral and intravenous supplementation of arginine and citrulline fail to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonatal pigs.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2026Article
- Temporal multi-tissue profiling reveals metabolites linked to immune response and malaria parasitemia control.iScience · 2026Article
- Protein nutritional support in critically ill patients: pathophysiological basis, clinical evidence, and areas of uncertainty - a narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Clinical study on the screening of biomarkers for Crohn's disease based on blood metabolomics.Frontiers in gastroenterology (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- T cell exhaustion in sepsis: mechanisms, biomarkers, and immune-reversal strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- iNOS in Macrophage Polarization: Pharmacological and Regulatory Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Beyond Protein Building Blocks: A Review of Biological Roles and Therapeutic Potential of Free Amino Acids.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Resveratrol alleviates IBD-associated neuropsychiatric comorbidities via microbiota-dependent arginine metabolism reprogramming and microglial M2 polarization through gut-brain axis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Article
- Targeted LC-MS profiling reveals dysregulated glycolytic flux and TCA cycle stalling in POAG plasma.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Arginine at the host-pathogen interface.Infection and immunity · 2025Review
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Arginine, a semi-essential amino acid is an important initiator of the immune response. Arginine serves as a precursor in several metabolic pathways in different organs. In the immune response, arginine metabolism and availability is determined by the nitric oxide synthases and the arginase enzymes, which convert arginine into nitric oxide (NO) and ornithine, respectively. Limitations in arginine availability during inflammatory conditions regulate macrophages and T-lymfocyte activation. Furthermore, over the past years more evidence has been gathered which showed that arginine and citrulline deficiencies may underlie the detrimental outcome of inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis and endotoxemia. Not only does the immune response contribute to the arginine deficiency, also the impaired arginine de novo synthesis in the kidney has a key role in the eventual observed arginine deficiency. The complex interplay between the immune response and the arginine-NO metabolism is further underscored by recent data of our group. In this review we give an overview of physiological arginine and citrulline metabolism and we address the experimental and clinical studies in which the arginine-citrulline NO pathway plays an essential role in the immune response, as initiator and therapeutic target.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.