ArticleNeurology2015
Prevalence and distribution of VZV in temporal arteries of patients with giant cell arteritis.
Open access · bronzeAbstract readMulticenter Study
In one paragraph
Article in Neurology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
82citing papers in PubMed
23.7field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 183 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Investigating interferon type I responses in patients with suspected giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2024Article
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- Hippocampal Metabolic Alterations and Cognitive Dysfunction in Varicella Zoster Virus Meningitis: A Single-Center Case Series Study.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2023Article
- Highlights in clinical medicine-Giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica and Takayasu's arteritis: pathogenic links and therapeutic implications.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2022Review
- The Role of Exposomes in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases II: Pathogens.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2022Review
- Neurological complications of varicella zoster virus reactivation: Prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of 72 patients with positive PCR in the cerebrospinal fluid.Brain and behavior · 2022Article
- Vasculitogenic T Cells in Large Vessel Vasculitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Perspectives of JAK Inhibitors for Large Vessel Vasculitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Targeted RNA Sequencing of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Temporal Arteries From Giant Cell Arteritis Cases Reveals Viral Signatures.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2021Article
- Herpes Zoster: A Brief Definitive Review.Cornea · 2021Review
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
33 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Don GildenFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany. don.gilden@ucdenver.edu.
Teresa WhiteFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Nelly KhmelevaFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Anna HeintzmanFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Alexander ChoeFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Philip J BoyerFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Charles GroseFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
John E CarpenterFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
April RempelFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Nathan BosFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Balasubramaniyam KandasamyFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Kelly Lear-KaulFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Dawn B HolmesFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Jeffrey L BennettFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Randall J CohrsFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Ravi MahalingamFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Naresh MandavaFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Charles G EberhartFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Brian BockelmanFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Robert J PoppitiFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Madhura A TamhankarFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Franz FogtFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Malena AmatoFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Edward WoodFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Vikram DurairajFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Steve RasmussenFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Vigdis PetursdottirFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Lea PollakFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Sonia MendlovicFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Denis ChatelainFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Kathy KeyvaniFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Wolfgang BrueckFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Maria A NagelFrom the Departments of Neurology (D.G., T.W., N.K., A.H., A.C., A.R., N.B., J.L.B., R.J.C., R.M., M.A.N.), Microbiology (D.G., R.J.C.), Pathology (P.J.B., B.K.), and Ophthalmology (J.L.B., N.M.), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Children's Hospital (C.G., J.E.C.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Arapahoe County Coroner's Office (K.L.-K.), Aurora, CO; Denver Office of the Medical Examiner (D.B.H.), Denver, CO; Department of Pathology (C.G.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; A.M. Rywlin Department of Pathology (B.B., R.J.P.), Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL; Florida International University (B.B., R.J.P.), Miami Beach; Scheie Eye Institute (M.A.T.) and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (F.F.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Texas Oculoplastic Consultants (M.A., E.W., V.D.), Austin; University of Texas, Southwestern - Austin Transitional Year Program (E.W.), Austin; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences (S.R.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Landspitali University Hospital (V.P.), Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Neurology (L.P.) and Pathological Institute (S.M.), Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, University of Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Pathology (D.C.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Nord and RECIP, Amiens, France; Institute of Neuropathology (K.K.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; and Department of Neuropathology (W.B.), University Medical Center Gottingen, Germany.
Johns Hopkins University · US
Funding
Vector Core-Core 2P30DK054759 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF IOWA · PI Alejandro Antonio Pezzulo · 1998 to 2026
$30.5MVARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS VASCULOPATHY: CHANGING CLINICAL PRACTICEP01AG032958 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI MAHALINGAM, RAVI · 2009 to 2023
$30.3MHumoral Immunity, Astrocyte Injury, and Demyelination in Neuromyelitis OpticaR01EY022936 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI BENNETT, JEFFREY L · 2013 to 2022
$3.8MMechanisms by which VZV IE proteins interact with cell antiviral proteins to prevK08NS067070 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI NAGEL, MARIA ACENA · 2009 to 2013
$895kNEI NIH HHS R01 EY022936NIA NIH HHS AG032958NIA NIH HHS P01 AG032958NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK054759NINDS NIH HHS K08 NS067070NINDS NIH HHS NS 067070
Abstract
objectiveVaricella-zoster virus (VZV) infection may trigger the inflammatory cascade that characterizes giant cell arteritis (GCA).
methodsFormalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded GCA-positive temporal artery (TA) biopsies (50 sections/TA) including adjacent skeletal muscle and normal TAs obtained postmortem from subjects >50 years of age were examined by immunohistochemistry for presence and distribution of VZV antigen and by ultrastructural examination for virions. Adjacent regions were examined by hematoxylin & eosin staining. VZV antigen-positive slides were analyzed by PCR for VZV DNA.
resultsVZV antigen was found in 61/82 (74%) GCA-positive TAs compared with 1/13 (8%) normal TAs (p < 0.0001, relative risk 9.67, 95% confidence interval 1.46, 63.69). Most GCA-positive TAs contained viral antigen in skip areas. VZV antigen was present mostly in adventitia, followed by media and intima. VZV antigen was found in 12/32 (38%) skeletal muscles adjacent to VZV antigen-positive TAs. Despite formalin fixation, VZV DNA was detected in 18/45 (40%) GCA-positive VZV antigen-positive TAs, in 6/10 (60%) VZV antigen-positive skeletal muscles, and in one VZV antigen-positive normal TA. Varicella-zoster virions were found in a GCA-positive TA. In sections adjacent to those containing VZV, GCA pathology was seen in 89% of GCA-positive TAs but in none of 18 adjacent sections from normal TAs.
conclusionsMost GCA-positive TAs contained VZV in skip areas that correlated with adjacent GCA pathology, supporting the hypothesis that VZV triggers GCA immunopathology. Antiviral treatment may confer additional benefit to patients with GCA treated with corticosteroids, although the optimal antiviral regimen remains to be determined.
Indexed as
AgedAged, 80 and overCerebral Arterial DiseasesComorbidityEncephalitis, Varicella ZosterFemaleGiant Cell ArteritisHerpesvirus 3, HumanHumansInternationalityMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceRisk FactorsTemporal Arteries
Identifiers
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