ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2015
Advances in aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant research and its mechanism.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 194 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
194 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 409 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of flare or relapse in patients with immune-mediated diseases following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of medical research · 2024Pooled it
- Long-Term GAD-alum Treatment Effect on Different T-Cell Subpopulations in Healthy Children Positive for Multiple Beta Cell Autoantibodies.Journal of immunology research · 2022Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: a double-blind, randomised, phase 1 trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- The adjuvant GLA-AF enhances human intradermal vaccine responses.Science advances · 2018Trial
- From human allergen immunotherapy to veterinary prophylactic vaccines: translational potential of Microcrystalline tyrosine as a vaccine adjuvant.Veterinary research communications · 2026Review
- Folic acid-modified antigen-trapping nanoprobes for developing in situ tumor vaccines to inhibit metastasis and recurrence of ovarian cancer.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Mouse Models of Food Allergies: Where Do They Take Us?Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Calcium/Aluminum-Cored Asymmetric Bilayer Nanoparticles for Codelivery of Ziyuglycoside II and PD-L1 siRNA Exert Anti-Breast Tumor Effects.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Mesoporous silicon microparticles enhance antiviral immunity and memory responses against SARS-CoV-2.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Adjuvant Strategies to Improve the Efficacy of Allergen Immunotherapy.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Repeated dose toxicity and immunogenicity studies in SD rats: a new recombinant zoster vaccine (CHO cell) formulated with adjuvant BC02.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Survivin targeting triple-fusion vaccineMedical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Article
- Novel nanoemulsion adjuvant stabilized by TPGS possesses equivalent physicochemical properties, Turbiscan stability, and adjuvanticity to AS03 for eliciting robust immunogenicity of subunit vaccines in mice.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Hepatitis Vaccines: Recent Advances and Challenges.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Development and characterization of antibodies againstOpen veterinary journal · 2025Article
- Article
- HIV vaccine candidate ΔV1gp120 formulated in ALFQA adjuvant augments mucosal immunity in female macaques.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Precision Adjuvant Strategies in Vaccine Development for Substance Use Disorders: Variability and Mechanistic Insights.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Fast automatic multiscale electron tomography for sensitive materials under environmental conditions.Communications engineering · 2025Article
- The Elicitation of an Antigen-Specific Antibody Immune Response Using a Nanoparticulate Adjuvant Derived fromMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
134 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the past few decades, hundreds of materials have been tried as adjuvant; however, only aluminum-based adjuvants continue to be used widely in the world. Aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate and alum constitute the main forms of aluminum used as adjuvants. Among these, aluminum hydroxide is the most commonly used chemical as adjuvant. In spite of its wide spread use, surprisingly, the mechanism of how aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants exert their beneficial effects is still not fully understood. Current explanations for the mode of action of aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants include, among others, the repository effect, pro-phagocytic effect, and activation of the pro-inflammatory NLRP3 pathway. These collectively galvanize innate as well as acquired immune responses and activate the complement system. Factors that have a profound influence on responses evoked by aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant applications include adsorption rate, strength of the adsorption, size and uniformity of aluminum hydroxide particles, dosage of adjuvant, and the nature of antigens. Although vaccines containing aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants are beneficial, sometimes they cause adverse reactions. Further, these vaccines cannot be stored frozen. Until recently, aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants were known to preferentially prime Th2-type immune responses. However, results of more recent studies show that depending on the vaccination route, aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants can enhance both Th1 as well as Th2 cellular responses. Advances in systems biology have opened up new avenues for studying mechanisms of aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvants. These will assist in scaling new frontiers in aluminum hydroxide-based adjuvant research that include improvement of formulations, use of nanoparticles of aluminum hydroxide and development of composite adjuvants.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.