ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2015
Modeling the diving bradycardia: Toward an "oxygen-conserving breaking point"?
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of HRV during diving in very cold water.International journal of circumpolar health · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of apnoea training on aerobic and anaerobic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Pooled it
- The application of breath-holding in sports: physiological effects, challenges, and future directions.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Review
- Effects of Adding Facial Immersion to Chest-Level Water Immersion on Vagally-Mediated Heart Rate Variability.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cardiorespiratory and muscle oxygenation responses to voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume in upper body repeated sprints.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Article
- Unlocking the depths: multiple factors contribute to risk for hypoxic blackout during deep freediving.European journal of applied physiology · 2023Article
- Effect of dry dynamic apnea on aerobic power in elite rugby athletes: a warm-up method.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Carotid body stimulation as a potential intervention in sudden death in epilepsy.Epilepsy & behavior : E&B · 2022Article
- Acute Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects of Different Warm-Up Protocols on Dynamic Apnea.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2022Article
- Baroreflex responses during dry resting and exercise apnoeas in air and pure oxygen.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Article
- Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of acute cardiovascular effects of voluntary apnoea in elite divers.Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · 2018Article
- Sustained apnea induces endothelial activation.Clinical cardiology · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeAlthough it has been demonstrated that the exponential decay model fits the heart rate (HR) kinetics in short static breath holding (BH), this model might be inaccurate when BH is maintained for several minutes. The aim of this study was to build a new meaningful model to quantify HR kinetics during prolonged static BH.
methodsNonlinear regression analysis was used to build a model able to quantify the beat-to-beat HR reduction kinetics observed in prolonged static BH performed both in air and in immersed condition by 11 trained breath-hold divers. Dynamic changes in cardiac autonomic regulation through heart rate variability indices [root mean square of successive difference of R-R intervals (RMSSD); short-term fractal scaling exponent: (DFAα1)] and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were also analyzed to strengthen the model.
resultsThe tri-phasic model showed a sharp exponential drop in HR immediately followed by a slight linear rise up until a breaking point preceding a linear drop in HR. The breaking points had similar level of SpO2 whether in air or in immersed condition (95.1 ± 2.1 vs. 95.2 ± 3.0 %, respectively; P = 0.49), and the subsequent linear drop in HR was concomitant with a shift in cardiac autonomic regulation in air (RMSSD: +109.0 ± 47.8 %; P < 0.001; DFAα1: -18.0 ± 17.4 %; P < 0.05) and in immersion (RMSSD: +112.6 ± 55.8 %; P < 0.001; DFAα1: -26.0 ± 12 %; P < 0.001).
conclusionIn addition to accurately fitting the HR kinetics, the most striking finding is an "oxygen-conserving breaking point" highlighted by the model, which might be interpreted as unique adaptive feature against hypoxic damages in the human diving bradycardia.
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