ArticleEpidemiology and infection2015
Environmental predictors of diarrhoeal infection for rural and urban communities in south India in children and adults.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incidence of diarrhoeal disease among children aged less than five years in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.Journal of global health · 2025Pooled it
- Using Spatial Technologies to Assess Risk Factors for Diarrheal Disease Under Environmental Variability in Bangladesh: A Machine Learning Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Statistical Analysis of Factors Associated with Diarrhea in Yemeni Children under Five: Insights from the 2022-2023 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2024Article
- Risk Factors Associated with Diarrheal Episodes in an Agricultural Community in Nam Dinh Province, Vietnam: A Prospective Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Prevalence and risk factors of diarrheal diseases in Sierra Leone, 2019: a cross-sectional study.The Pan African medical journal · 2022Article
- Diarrhoeal prevalence and handwashing practices of children attending early childhood development centres in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Health SA = SA Gesondheid · 2022Article
- Spatiotemporal patterns of diarrhea incidence in Ghana and the impact of meteorological and socio-demographic factors.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2022Article
- Article
- Hierarchical disentanglement of contextual from compositional risk factors of diarrhoea among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Mind the gap: what explains the rural-nonrural inequality in diarrhoea among under-five children in low and medium-income countries? A decomposition analysis.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Water quality, sanitation, and hygiene among the tribal community residing in Jawadhi hills, Tamilnadu: An observational study from Southern India.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2020Article
- Water, sanitation and hygiene risk factors associated with diarrhoea morbidity in a rural community of Enugu, South East Nigeria.The Pan African medical journal · 2020Article
- Associations between open drain flooding and pediatric enteric infections in the MAL-ED cohort in a low-income, urban neighborhood in Vellore, India.BMC public health · 2019Article
- Locals get travellers' diarrhoea too: risk factors for diarrhoeal illness and pathogenic Escherichia coli infection across an urban-rural gradient in Ecuador.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2019Article
- Identification of priority health conditions for field-based screening in urban slums in Bangalore, India.BMC public health · 2018Article
- Enteropathogens and Gut Inflammation in Asymptomatic Infants and Children in Different Environments in Southern India.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2018Article
- Household sanitation is associated with lower risk of bacterial and protozoal enteric infections, but not viral infections and diarrhoea, in a cohort study in a low-income urban neighbourhood in Vellore, India.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2017Article
- Effectiveness of Membrane Filtration to Improve Drinking Water: A Quasi-Experimental Study from Rural Southern India.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2016Article
- Modeling Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Ground and Surface Water Sources in Rural India: Associations with Latrines, Livestock, Damaged Wells, and Rainfall Patterns.Environmental science & technology · 2016Article
- Seasonality of water quality and diarrheal disease counts in urban and rural settings in south India.Scientific reports · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Diarrhoeal diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This longitudinal study aimed to identify controllable environmental drivers of intestinal infections amidst a highly contaminated drinking water supply in urban slums and villages of Vellore, Tamil Nadu in southern India. Three hundred households with children (<5 years) residing in two semi-urban slums and three villages were visited weekly for 12-18 months to monitor gastrointestinal morbidity. Households were surveyed at baseline to obtain information on environmental and behavioural factors relevant to diarrhoea. There were 258 diarrhoeal episodes during the follow-up period, resulting in an overall incidence rate of 0·12 episodes/person-year. Incidence and longitudinal prevalence rates of diarrhoea were twofold higher in the slums compared to rural communities (P < 0·0002). Regardless of study site, diarrhoeal incidence was highest in infants (<1 year) at 1·07 episodes/person-year, and decreased gradually with increasing age. Increasing diarrhoeal rates were associated with presence of children (<5 years), domesticated animals and low socioeconomic status. In rural communities, open-field defecation was associated with diarrhoea in young children. This study demonstrates the contribution of site-specific environmental and behavioural factors in influencing endemic rates of urban and rural diarrhoea in a region with highly contaminated drinking water.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.