Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25686388›Full record

ReviewDeutsches Arzteblatt international2015

The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of dry eye disease.

Elisabeth M Messmer

2 registry-linked trialsAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 362 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
362citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
25.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05832996 phase4completednot on this mapstarted 2022, after this paper: background citation

Randomized Controlled Study of Cooled Versus Room-Temperature Artificial Tears for Reducing Surface Irritation Following Intravitreal Injection

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of IowaRan2022 to 2022Enrolled124ConditionsDiabetic Retinopathy With Macular Edema of Both Eyes (Diagnosis), Central Retinal Vein Occlusion With Macular Edema, Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Unspecified Eye, Cystoid Macular EdemaArmsRefresh Plus Preservative-free Lubricant Eye Drops
NCT06178679 phase3unknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

A Phase 3 Multi-Center, Randomized, Double Masked, Vehicle Controlled Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of ST-100 (Vezocolmitide) Ophthalmic Solution 60 μg/ml Ophthalmic Solution in Subjects Diagnosed With Dry Eye Disease (DED)

TypeinterventionalSponsorORA, Inc.Ran2023 to 2024Enrolled175ConditionsDry Eye DiseaseArmsST-100 (vezocolmitide), Vehicle
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

362 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 672 citations in OpenAlex.

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  4. The Efficacy of Oral Vitamin Supplementation in Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026
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  11. Immediate Effects of Light Mode and Dark Mode Features on Visual Fatigue in Tablet Users.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025
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302 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.

Elisabeth M Messmer
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München · DE

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDry eye disease (DED) is common; its prevalence around the world varies from 5% to 34%. Its putative pathogenetic mechanisms include hyperosmolarity of the tear film and inflammation of the ocular surface and lacrimal gland. Dry eye is clinically subdivided into two subtypes: one with decreased tear secretion (aqueous-deficient DED), and one with increased tear evaporation (hyperevaporative DED).

methodsThis review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective PubMed search and on the authors' own clinical and scientific experience.

resultsThe diagnostic evaluation of dry eye disease should include a detailed patient history, thorough split-lamp examination, and additional tests as indicated. Few randomized controlled therapeutic trials for dry eye have been published to date. Artificial tears of various kinds are recommended if the symptoms are mild. Lid hygiene is helpful in the treatment of hyperevaporative dry eye, while collagen or silicon plugs can be used for partial occlusion of the efferent lacrimal ducts to treat severe hyposecretory dry eye. The benefit of long-term topical anti-inflammatory treatment of moderate or severe dry eye disease with corticosteroids or cyclosporine A eye drops has been documented in clinical trials on a high evidence level. Orally administered tetraycycline derivatives and omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids are also used.

conclusionThe treatment of dry eye has evolved from tear substitution alone to a rationally based therapeutic algorithm. Current research focuses on pathophysiology, new diagnostic techniques, and novel therapies including secretagogues, topical androgens, and new anti- inflammatory drugs.

Indexed as

Slit LampAnti-Inflammatory AgentsDry Eye SyndromesHumansLubricant Eye DropsMedical History TakingAnti-Inflammatory AgentsLubricant Eye Drops

Identifiers

PMID25686388
PMCPMC4335585
OpenAlexW2175015138

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.