ReviewInfection and drug resistance2015
The relationship between hand hygiene and health care-associated infection: it's complicated.
Review in Infection and drug resistance, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Scanner-Measured Hand Hygiene Performance After Automated Visual Feedback-Supported Training: A Multicenter Quality Improvement Project in Italian Hospitals.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2026Article
- Rinse, gel, and foam - is there any evidence for a difference in their effectiveness in preventing infections?Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2024Review
- Preventing healthcare-associated MRSA bacteremia: getting to the root of the problem.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2023Article
- Hospital Acquired Infections in Surgical Patients: Impact of COVID-19-Related Infection Prevention Measures.World journal of surgery · 2022Article
- Internet of things in healthcare for patient safety: an empirical study.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- Observational
- Impact of Hand Hygiene on Hospital-Acquired Infection Rate in Neuro Trauma ICU at a Level 1 Trauma Center in the National Capital Region of India.Journal of laboratory physicians · 2021Article
- Reorganization of nurse scheduling reduces the risk of healthcare associated infections.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Sustained Low Incidence Rates of Central Line-Associated Blood Stream Infections in the Intensive Care Unit.Infection and drug resistance · 2021Article
- Bacteriological Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Bloodstream Infection at Kigali University Teaching Hospital.Infection and drug resistance · 2021Article
- Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections: A Narrative Overview.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2020Review
- Molecular Relatedness ofInfection and drug resistance · 2020Article
- Health care-associated infections - an overview.Infection and drug resistance · 2018Review
- Viscosity is an important factor of resistance to alcohol-based disinfectants by pathogens present in mucus.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- The burden and characteristics of nosocomial infections in an intensive care unit: A cross-sectional study of clinical and nonclinical samples at a tertiary hospital of Nepal.International journal of critical illness and injury scienceArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The reasoning that improved hand hygiene compliance contributes to the prevention of health care-associated infections is widely accepted. It is also accepted that high hand hygiene alone cannot impact formidable risk factors, such as older age, immunosuppression, admission to the intensive care unit, longer length of stay, and indwelling devices. When hand hygiene interventions are concurrently undertaken with other routine or special preventive strategies, there is a potential for these concurrent strategies to confound the effect of the hand hygiene program. The result may be an overestimation of the hand hygiene intervention unless the design of the intervention or analysis controls the effect of the potential confounders. Other epidemiologic principles that may also impact the result of a hand hygiene program include failure to consider measurement error of the content of the hand hygiene program and the measurement error of compliance. Some epidemiological errors in hand hygiene programs aimed at reducing health care-associated infections are inherent and not easily controlled. Nevertheless, the inadvertent omission by authors to report these common epidemiological errors, including concurrent infection prevention strategies, suggests to readers that the effect of hand hygiene is greater than the sum of all infection prevention strategies. Worse still, this omission does not assist evidence-based practice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.