Trial reportJournal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR2015
Double-blinded, randomized phase II study using embolization with or without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in uveal melanoma with hepatic metastases.
Trial report in Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Overall survival after treatment for metastatic uveal melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Melanoma research · 2019Pooled it
- Percutaneous Locoregional Therapies for the Treatment of Liver Metastases from Uveal Melanoma: A Systematic Review.Technology in cancer research & treatmentPooled it
- An Open-label, Randomized Study of Melphalan/Hepatic Delivery System Versus Best Alternative Care in Patients with Unresectable Metastatic Uveal Melanoma.Annals of surgical oncology · 2025Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of the Melphalan/Hepatic Delivery System in Patients with Unresectable Metastatic Uveal Melanoma: Results from an Open-Label, Single-Arm, Multicenter Phase 3 Study.Annals of surgical oncology · 2024Trial
- Percutaneous Hepatic Perfusion with Melphalan in Patients with Unresectable Ocular Melanoma Metastases Confined to the Liver: A Prospective Phase II Study.Annals of surgical oncology · 2021Trial
- A Prospective Phase II Trial of Radioembolization for Treatment of Uveal Melanoma Hepatic Metastasis.Radiology · 2019Trial
- A pilot study of intrahepatic yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization in combination with intravenous cisplatin for uveal melanoma liver-only metastases.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2019Trial
- The design of a small Bayesian hybrid-controlled trial utilizing time-to-event data from six published sources that used best alternative care to treat liver-predominant metastasis from primary ocular melanoma.Contemporary clinical trials communications · 2026Article
- Transarterial Infusion of Pembrolizumab Plus TACE for Liver Metastases of Melanoma.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Immunoembolization in liver-predominant metastatic uveal melanoma: a single-center retrospective analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Characterization of Early Metastatic Subpopulations in Uveal Melanoma: Single-Cell Insights Into SPP1+ Cells and Their Interactions With Macrophages.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Management of liver metastases from uveal melanoma.The British journal of surgery · 2025Review
- State-of-the-art in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma Treatment: A 2025 Update : How to treat Metastatic Uveal Melanoma in 2025.Current oncology reports · 2025Review
- Current Therapies and Potential Strategies for Uveal Melanoma.Drugs and drug candidates · 2025Article
- Immunoembolization for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma Hepatic Metastases.Seminars in interventional radiology · 2024Review
- Hydrogel drug delivery systems for minimally invasive local immunotherapy of cancer.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2023Review
- Article
- Minimally Invasive Treatment Options for Hepatic Uveal Melanoma Metastases.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The Contemporary Landscape and Future Directions of Intratumoral Immunotherapy.Journal of immunotherapy and precision oncology · 2023Review
- Oligometastatic Disease in the Liver: The Role of Interventional Oncology.The British journal of radiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo investigate the effects of immunoembolization with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in patients with uveal melanoma (UM) with liver-only metastasis. MATERIALS AND
methodsIn this double-blind phase II clinical trial, patients were randomized to undergo immunoembolization or bland embolization (BE). Lobar treatment was performed with GM-CSF or normal saline solution mixed with ethiodized oil followed by embolization with gelatin sponge emulsified with iodinated contrast medium. Fifty-two patients (immunoembolization, n = 25; BE, n = 27) were enrolled. Response was assessed after every two treatments. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) of liver metastases. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and immunologic responses were secondary endpoints.
resultsThere were five partial responses in the immunoembolization group (ORR, 21.2%; 90% confidence interval [CI], 10.3%-30.5%) and three in the BE group (ORR, 16.7%; 90% CI, 6.3%-26.9%). Stable disease was seen in 12 patients in the immunoembolization group and 19 in the BE group. OS times were 21.5 months (95% CI, 18.5-24.8 mo) with immunoembolization and 17.2 months (95% CI, 11.9-22.4 mo) with BE. The degree of proinflammatory cytokine production was more robust after immunoembolization and correlated with time to "systemic" extrahepatic progression. In the immunoembolization group, interleukin (IL)-6 levels at 1 hour (P = .001) and IL-8 levels at 18 hours after the procedure (P < .001) were significant predictors of longer systemic PFS. Moreover, a dose-response pattern was evident between posttreatment serum cytokine concentrations and systemic PFS.
conclusionsImmunoembolization induced more robust inflammatory responses, which correlated with the delayed progression of extrahepatic systemic metastases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.