ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015
MmTX1 and MmTX2 from coral snake venom potently modulate GABAA receptor activity.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multidimensional toxicity of snake venom causes multi-organ damage and treatment challenges: a narrative review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Disentangling the mechanistic role of loop-C capping in Cys-loop receptor activation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Estimation of genome-wide coupling in rattlesnake hybrids provides insight into the process of speciation and its progress.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Orphan Three-Finger Toxins from Snake Venoms: Unexplored Library of Novel Biological Ligands with Potential New Structures and Functions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Screening conditions and constructs for attempted genetic transformation of C. elegans by Agrobacterium.PloS one · 2025Article
- Three finger toxins of elapids: structure, function, clinical applications and its inhibitors.Molecular diversity · 2024Review
- The Cloning and Characterization of a Three-Finger Toxin Homolog (NXH8) from the CoralsnakeToxins · 2024Article
- Animal Venoms as Potential Source of Anticonvulsants.F1000Research · 2024Review
- Venom-derived peptides for breaking through the glass ceiling of drug development.Frontiers in chemistry · 2024Review
- Proteomic insight into the venom composition of the largest European rear-fanged snake,Toxicon: X · 2022Article
- Pharmacological Screening of Venoms from Five BrazilianInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- Cannabigerolic acid, a major biosynthetic precursor molecule in cannabis, exhibits divergent effects on seizures in mouse models of epilepsy.British journal of pharmacology · 2021Article
- Three-Finger Toxins from Brazilian Coral Snakes: From Molecular Framework to Insights in Biological Function.Toxins · 2021Article
- Snake Toxins Labeled by Green Fluorescent Protein or Its Synthetic Chromophore are New Probes for Nicotinic acetylcholine Receptors.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2021Article
- Biomedical applications of snake venom: from basic science to autoimmunity and rheumatology.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2021Review
- A tale of ligands big and small: an update on how pentameric ligand-gated ion channels interact with agonists and proteins.Current opinion in physiology · 2019Article
- Last decade update for three-finger toxins: Newly emerging structures and biological activities.World journal of biological chemistry · 2019Review
- Comparison of Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance: Learning from Various Kingdoms.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Ancient Diversification of Three-Finger Toxins in Micrurus Coral Snakes.Journal of molecular evolution · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
GABAA receptors shape synaptic transmission by modulating Cl(-) conductance across the cell membrane. Remarkably, animal toxins that specifically target GABAA receptors have not been identified. Here, we report the discovery of micrurotoxin1 (MmTX1) and MmTX2, two toxins present in Costa Rican coral snake venom that tightly bind to GABAA receptors at subnanomolar concentrations. Studies with recombinant and synthetic toxin variants on hippocampal neurons and cells expressing common receptor compositions suggest that MmTX1 and MmTX2 allosterically increase GABAA receptor susceptibility to agonist, thereby potentiating receptor opening as well as desensitization, possibly by interacting with the α(+)/β(-) interface. Moreover, hippocampal neuron excitability measurements reveal toxin-induced transitory network inhibition, followed by an increase in spontaneous activity. In concert, toxin injections into mouse brain result in reduced basal activity between intense seizures. Altogether, we characterized two animal toxins that enhance GABAA receptor sensitivity to agonist, thereby establishing a previously unidentified class of tools to study this receptor family.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.