ArticleViruses2015
Evaluation of virus inactivation by formaldehyde to enhance biosafety of diagnostic electron microscopy.
Article in Viruses, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intrinsic Fluorescence as a Probe of Structural Dynamics and Interactions of Human Adenovirus with Surfactants and Liposomes.Journal of fluorescence · 2026Article
- Whole-cell surface-display system in attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis for slide microagglutination-based antibody detection.Microbial cell factories · 2026Article
- Novel fixative solutions with superior preservation of structure and antigenicity are suitable for optical clearing, tissue staining, and flow cytometry.Nagoya journal of medical science · 2026Article
- Sulfur-containing class of broad-spectrum antivirals improves influenza virus vaccine development.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Inactivation of Ebola, Nipah, and Lassa viruses in tissue using neutral buffered formalin, MagMAX lysis/binding solution, or TriPure isolation reagent.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Atomic force microscopy-based topographical imaging of SARS-CoV-2 as part of a tripartite strategy for RNA virus characterization.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Adaptable Immunofluorescence Protocol for Muscle Fiber Typing in FFPE Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle and Intact Mouse Hindlimbs.Current protocols · 2025Article
- Exploring the impact of a chemical disinfectant and an antiviral drug for RNA virus management in the Mediterranean fruit fly mass-rearing.Insect science · 2025Article
- Diagnostic electron microscopy in human infectious diseases - Methods and applications.Journal of microscopy · 2025Review
- Development of an In-House ELISA for Serological Detection of Equine Herpesvirus-1/4 Antibodies in Turkish Horses.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages with lytic activity against multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella from Nairobi City county, Kenya.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Harnessing Hazara Virus as a Surrogate for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Enables Inactivation Studies at a Low Biosafety Level.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Functional 20S Proteasomes in Retroviruses: Evidence in Favor.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Walking a thin line between fixation and epitope binding - characterization of antigen retrieval methods suitable for eosinophil and HSV-2 staining in formalin-fixed female reproductive tissue.European journal of histochemistry : EJH · 2024Article
- Rapid and specific detection of single nanoparticles and viruses in microfluidic laminar flow via confocal fluorescence microscopy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Water bath is more efficient than hot air oven at thermal inactivation of coronavirus.Virology journal · 2023Article
- Development of a sensitive, high-throughput extraction protocol for qPCR detection of African swine fever virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc · 2023Article
- Comparison of viral inactivation methods on the characteristics of extracellular vesicles from SARS-CoV-2 infected human lung epithelial cells.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2022Article
- Advanced Molecular Tweezers with Lipid Anchors against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses.JACS Au · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) fixation of infectious samples is a well-established protocol in diagnostic electron microscopy of viruses. However, published experimental data that demonstrate virus inactivation by these fixation procedures are lacking. Usually, fixation is performed immediately before the sample preparation for microscopy. The fixation procedure should transform viruses in a non-infectious but nonetheless structurally intact form in order to allow a proper diagnosis based on morphology. FA provides an essential advantage in comparison to other disinfectants, because it preserves the ultrastructure of biological material without interfering significantly with the preparation (i.e., the negative staining) and the detection of viruses. To examine the efficiency of FA inactivation, we used Vaccinia virus, Human adenovirus and Murine norovirus as models and treated them with FA under various conditions. Critical parameters for the inactivation efficiency were the temperature, the duration of the FA treatment, and the resistance of the virus in question. Our results show that FA inactivation at low temperature (4 °C) bears a high risk of incomplete inactivation. Higher temperatures (25 °C) are more efficient, although they still require rather long incubation times to fully inactivate a complex and highly robust virus like Vaccinia. A protocol, which applied 2% buffered FA for 60 min and a temperature-shift from 25 to 37 °C after 30 min was efficient for the complete inactivation of all test viruses, and therefore has the potential to improve both biosafety and speed of diagnostic electron microscopy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.