ArticleClinical and vaccine immunology : CVI2015
H9N2 influenza whole inactivated virus combined with polyethyleneimine strongly enhances mucosal and systemic immunity after intranasal immunization in mice.
Article in Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- The polymeric nanovectors landscape for cancer immunotherapies towards advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs).Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Understanding of endo/lysosomal escape of nanomaterials in biomedical application.Smart molecules : open access · 2025Review
- Pandemic preparedness through vaccine development for avian influenza viruses.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Cationic Polyethyleneimine (PEI)-Gold Nanocomposites Modulate Macrophage Activation and Reprogram Mouse Breast Triple-Negative MET-1 Tumor Immunological Microenvironment.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Article
- Design and application of nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants against human corona virus infection.Journal of inorganic biochemistry · 2021Review
- PEDV infection in neonatal piglets through the nasal cavity is mediated by subepithelial CD3Veterinary research · 2021Article
- Evaluation in broilers of aerosolized nanoparticles vaccine encapsulating imuno-stimulant and antigens of avian influenza virus/Mycoplasma gallisepticum.BMC veterinary research · 2020Article
- Cationic Nanostructures for Vaccines Design.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Review
- Innovative Mucosal Vaccine Formulations Against Influenza A Virus Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Nasal delivery of H5N1 avian influenza vaccine formulated with GenJet™ or in vivo-jetPEIDrug delivery · 2018Article
- Noninvasive vaccination against infectious diseases.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Review
- Use of Proteins Identified through a Functional Genomic Screen To Develop a Protein Subunit Vaccine That Provides Significant Protection against Virulent Streptococcus suis in Pigs.Infection and immunity · 2018Article
- Rapid DNA vaccination against Burkholderia pseudomallei flagellin by tattoo or intranasal application.Virulence · 2017Article
- Crosstalk between H9N2 avian influenza virus and crypt-derived intestinal organoids.Veterinary research · 2017Article
- Article
- Rational design of Polymeric Hybrid Micelles to Overcome Lymphatic and Intracellular Delivery Barriers in Cancer Immunotherapy.Theranostics · 2017Article
- Polyethylenimine-based micro/nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants.International journal of nanomedicine · 2017Review
- Responses of primary human nasal epithelial cells to EDIII-DENV stimulation: the first step to intranasal dengue vaccination.Virology journal · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Influenza whole inactivated virus (WIV) is more immunogenic and induces protective antibody responses compared with other formulations, like split virus or subunit vaccines, after intranasal mucosal delivery. Polyethyleneimine (PEI), an organic polycation, is widely used as a reagent for gene transfection and DNA vaccine delivery. Although PEI recently has demonstrated potent mucosal adjuvant activity for viral subunit glycoprotein antigens, its immune activity with H9N2 WIV is not well demonstrated. Here, mice were immunized intranasally with H9N2 WIV combined with PEI, and the levels of local respiratory tract and systemic immune responses were measured. Compared to H9N2 WIV alone, antigen-specific IgA levels in the local nasal cavity, trachea, and lung, as well as levels of IgG and its subtypes (IgG1 and IgG2a) in the serum, were strongly enhanced with the combination. Similarly, the activation and proliferation of splenocytes were markedly increased. In addition, PEI is superior as an H9N2 WIV delivery system due to its ability to greatly increase the viral adhesion to mucosal epithelial cells and to enhance the cellular uptake and endosomal escape of antigens in dendritic cells (DCs) and further significantly activate DCs to mature. Taken together, these results provided more insights that PEI has potential as an adjuvant for H9N2 particle antigen intranasal vaccination.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.