SynthesisPloS one2015
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in contact sports: a systematic review of all reported pathological cases.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 171 citations in OpenAlex.
- Accelerometers for the Assessment of Concussion in Male Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2017Pooled it
- Effects of purposeful soccer heading on circulating small extracellular vesicle concentration and cargo.Journal of sport and health science · 2021Trial
- A Novel Video-Based Method to Estimate American Football Helmet Pad Deformation During Impact Testing.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Astrocytic contributions to the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a scoping review.Chinese neurosurgical journal · 2026Review
- Feasibility of identifying factors related to Alzheimer's disease and related dementia in real-world data.JAMIA open · 2026Review
- Strenuous physical activity is associated with a younger age of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis onset in two independent cohorts.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Fist fighting and increased mortality post-retirement among National Hockey League players.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2025Article
- Nandrolone Abuse Prior to Head Trauma Mitigates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Deficits, and Markers of Neurodegeneration.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Mortality and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) among enforcers and non-enforcers in the National Hockey League (NHL).Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease: A Shared Neurovascular Hypothesis.Neuroscience insights · 2025Review
- Chronic traumatic encephalopathy pathognomonic lesions occurring in isolation adjacent to infiltrative and non-infiltrative white matter lesions.Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2024Article
- A Pilot Study Investigating the Use of Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein to Monitor Changes in Brain White Matter Integrity After Repetitive Head Hits During a Single Collegiate Football Game.Journal of neurotrauma · 2024Article
- Unusual combinations of neurodegenerative pathologies with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) complicates clinical prediction of CTE.European journal of neurology · 2024Article
- TDP43 pathology in chronic traumatic encephalopathy retinas.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2023Article
- Blood-Based Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Research to Date and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Transcranial Photobiomodulation Treatment: Significant Improvements in Four Ex-Football Players with Possible Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2023Article
- The impact of cognitive reserve in the recovery of chronic encephalopathy associated with traumatic brain injury - part one.Journal of medicine and life · 2022Article
- Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Induces Brain Insulin Resistance: A Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scanning Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Association of Position Played and Career Duration and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy at Autopsy in Elite Football and Hockey Players.Neurology · 2021Article
- Cellular Senescence in Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence and Perspectives.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
- Correction · 2015-06-03Concerns/Issues about Third Party Involvement · Conflict of Interest · Error in Methods · Error in Text ·
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with head trauma. Although initially believed to affect only boxers, the at-risk population has expanded to encompass a much wider demographic, including American football players, hockey players, wrestlers, and military veterans. This expansion has garnered considerable media attention and public concern for the potential neurodegenerative effects of head trauma. The main aim of this systematic review is to give a complete overview of the common findings and risk factors for CTE as well as the status quo regarding the incidence and prevalence of CTE. This systematic review was performed using PubMed and MEDLINE and includes all neuropathologically confirmed cases of CTE in the medical literature to date, from the first published case in 1954 to August 1, 2013 (n = 153). The demographics, including the primary source of mTBI (mild Traumatic Brain Injury), age and cause of death, ApoE genotype, and history of substance abuse, when listed, were obtained from each case report. The demographics of American football players found to have CTE are also presented separately in order to highlight the most prevalent group of CTE cases reported in recent years. These 153 case reports of CTE represent the largest collection to date. We found that a history of mTBI was the only risk factor consistently associated with CTE. In addition, we found no relationships between CTE and age of death or abnormal ApoE allele. Suicide and the presence of premorbid dementia was not strongly associated with CTE. We conclude that the incidence of CTE remains unknown due to the lack of large, longitudinal studies. Furthermore, the neuropathological and clinical findings related to CTE overlap with many common neurodegenerative diseases. Our review reveals significant limitations of the current CTE case reporting and questions the widespread existence of CTE in contact sports.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.