ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2015
Metagenomic Sequencing Indicates That the Oropharyngeal Phageome of Individuals With Schizophrenia Differs From That of Controls.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 122 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: An Integrative View and Translational Perspectives.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- The Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuropsychiatric Diseases - Creation of An Atlas-Based on Quantified Evidence.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Pooled it
- Gut microbiome in serious mental illnesses: A systematic review and critical evaluation.Schizophrenia research · 2021Pooled it
- The Gut Microbiome in Psychosis From Mice to Men: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- Overview and systematic review of studies of microbiome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.Journal of psychiatric research · 2018Pooled it
- Probiotic normalization of Candida albicans in schizophrenia: A randomized, placebo-controlled, longitudinal pilot study.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2017Trial
- Gut microbiota dysbiosis at the interface of neuropsychiatric disorders and their dermatological comorbidities.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Beyond the Gut: Integrating Oral Microbiota into the Microbiota-Brain Axis in Depression.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Viewing Psychiatric Disorders Through Viruses: Simple Architecture, Burgeoning Implications.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Review
- Phage-Microbiota Crosstalk: Implications for Central Nervous System Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- From Microbial Homeostasis to Systemic Pathogenesis: A Narrative Review on Gut Flora's Role in Neuropsychiatric, Metabolic, and Cancer Disorders.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Exploring the Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Major Depression: From Molecular Function to Clinical Therapy.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2024Review
- Effects of Ecologically Relevant Concentrations of Cadmium on the Microbiota, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and FFARMetabolites · 2023Article
- The Association of the Oral Microbiota with the Effects of Acid Stress Induced by an Increase of Brain Lactate in Schizophrenia Patients.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Fungal Forces in Mental Health: Microbial Meddlers or Function Fixers?Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2023Article
- Elucidating gut microbiota-hippocampus interactions in emerging psychosis: A new perspective for the development of early interventions for memory impairments.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Functional biomes beyond the bacteriome in the oral ecosystem.The Japanese dental science review · 2022Review
- An integrative study of the microbiome gut-brain-axis and hippocampal inflammation in psychosis: Persistent effects from mode of birth.Schizophrenia research · 2022Article
- The regulatory effects of lactic acid on neuropsychiatric disorders.Discover mental health · 2022Review
- Is There a Link between Oropharyngeal Microbiome and Schizophrenia? A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Mucosal sites such as the oropharynx contain a wide range of microorganisms, collectively designated as the microbiome. The microbiome can affect behavior through a number of neurobiological and immunological mechanisms. Most previous studies have focused on the bacterial components of the microbiome. However, the microbiome also includes viruses such as bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria and alter their metabolism and replication. We employed metagenomic analysis to characterize bacteriophage genomes in the oral pharynx of 41 individuals with schizophrenia and 33 control individuals without a psychiatric disorder. This analysis was performed by the generation of more than 100,000,000 sequence reads from each sample and the mapping of these reads to databases. We identified 79 distinct bacteriophage sequences in the oropharyngeal samples. Of these, one bacteriophage genome, Lactobacillus phage phiadh, was found to be significantly different in individuals with schizophrenia (P < .00037, q < 0.03 adjusted for multiple comparisons). The differential levels of Lactobacillus phage phiadh remained significant when controlling for age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, or cigarette smoking (P < .006). Within the group of individuals with schizophrenia, the level of Lactobacillus phage phiadh correlated with the prevalence of immunological disorders as well as with the administration of valproate, which has been shown in animal models to alter the microbiome. The bacteriophage composition of the oropharynx in individuals with schizophrenia differs from that of controls. The biological consequences of this difference and the potential effects of altering bacteriophage levels through therapeutic interventions are worthy of further investigation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.