ArticleJournal of bacteriology2015
The bacterial alarmone (p)ppGpp activates the type III secretion system in Erwinia amylovora.
Article in Journal of bacteriology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2026Review
- A global stress alarmone couples nutrient limitation to suppression of social signaling in bacteria.iScience · 2026Article
- Virulence Regulation and Lifestyle Transitions: The Role of c-di-GMP and Two-Component Systems in Erwinia amylovora and Their Evolutionary Context Within Enterobacterales.Molecular plant pathology · 2026Review
- Bacterial alarmone (p)ppGpp mediates the pathogenicity ofmSystems · 2025Article
- Article
- Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Key Roles of (p)ppGpp and DksA in Regulating Metabolism and Chemotaxis inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Similar and Divergent Roles of Stringent Regulator (p)ppGpp and DksA on Pleiotropic Phenotype of Yersinia enterocolitica.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- The Importance of Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture-A Review.Metabolites · 2022Review
- A Stringent-Response-Defective Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens Strain Does Not Activate the Type 3 Secretion System, Elicits an Early Plant Defense Response, and Circumvents NHApplied and environmental microbiology · 2021Article
- Innovation and Application of the Type III Secretion System Inhibitors in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria.Microorganisms · 2020Review
- Comparative transcriptomic analysis of global gene expression mediated by (p) ppGpp reveals common regulatory networks in Pseudomonas syringae.BMC genomics · 2020Article
- The stringent response regulator (p) ppGpp mediates virulence gene expression and survival in Erwinia amylovora.BMC genomics · 2020Article
- Clinical Mutations That Partially Activate the Stringent Response Confer Multidrug Tolerance inAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2020Article
- Stringent response regulators (p)ppGpp and DksA positively regulate virulence and host adaptation of Xanthomonas citri.Molecular plant pathology · 2019Article
- Distinct patterns of natural selection determine sub-population structure in the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Cell-length heterogeneity: a population-level solution to growth/virulence trade-offs in the plant pathogen Dickeya dadantii.PLoS pathogens · 2019Article
- Differential gene regulatory pathways and co-expression networks associated with fire blight infection in apple (Horticulture research · 2019Article
- Guanosine tetraphosphate relieves the negative regulation of Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 gene transcription exerted by the AT-rich ssrA discriminator region.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Lon protease modulates virulence traits in Erwinia amylovora by direct monitoring of major regulators and indirectly through the Rcs and Gac-Csr regulatory systems.Molecular plant pathology · 2018Article
- Integration of multiple stimuli-sensing systems to regulate HrpS and type III secretion system in Erwinia amylovora.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
unlabelledThe hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) type III secretion system (T3SS) is a key pathogenicity factor in Erwinia amylovora. Previous studies have demonstrated that the T3SS in E. amylovora is transcriptionally regulated by a sigma factor cascade. In this study, the role of the bacterial alarmone ppGpp in activating the T3SS and virulence of E. amylovora was investigated using ppGpp mutants generated by Red recombinase cloning. The virulence of a ppGpp-deficient mutant (ppGpp(0)) as well as a dksA mutant of E. amylovora was completely impaired, and bacterial growth was significantly reduced, suggesting that ppGpp is required for full virulence of E. amylovora. Expression of T3SS genes was greatly downregulated in the ppGpp(0) and dksA mutants. Western blotting showed that accumulations of the HrpA protein in the ppGpp(0) and dksA mutants were about 10 and 4%, respectively, of that in the wild-type strain. Furthermore, higher levels of ppGpp resulted in a reduced cell size of E. amylovora. Moreover, serine hydroxamate and α-methylglucoside, which induce amino acid and carbon starvation, respectively, activated hrpA and hrpL promoter activities in hrp-inducing minimal medium. These results demonstrated that ppGpp and DksA play central roles in E. amylovora virulence and indicated that E. amylovora utilizes ppGpp as an internal messenger to sense environmental/nutritional stimuli for regulation of the T3SS and virulence. IMPORTANCE: The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a key pathogenicity factor in Gram-negative bacteria. Fully elucidating how the T3SS is activated is crucial for comprehensively understanding the function of the T3SS, bacterial pathogenesis, and survival under stress conditions. In this study, we present the first evidence that the bacterial alarmone ppGpp-mediated stringent response activates the T3SS through a sigma factor cascade, indicating that ppGpp acts as an internal messenger to sense environmental/nutritional stimuli for the regulation of the T3SS and virulence in plant-pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, the recovery of an spoT null mutant, which displayed very unique phenotypes, suggested that small proteins containing a single ppGpp hydrolase domain are functional.
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