SynthesisSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2015
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in Caribbean-born migrants and their descendants in England: systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence rates, 1950-2013.
Synthesis in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between migrant status and transition in an ultra-high risk for psychosis population.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2021Pooled it
- Ethnic inequalities in the incidence of diagnosis of severe mental illness in England: a systematic review and new meta-analyses for non-affective and affective psychoses.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2019Pooled it
- Perceived discrimination and psychosis: a systematic review of the literature.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2019Pooled it
- The mental health and wellbeing of first generation migrants: a systematic-narrative review of reviews.Globalization and health · 2016Pooled it
- Experiences and Views of African Australian Consumers on the Role of Spirituality, Religion and Culture on Mental Health.International journal of mental health nursing · 2026Article
- Disparity in immigrant compulsory care assignment: discrimination or response to treatment need.General psychiatry · 2025Article
- Exploring causal mechanisms of psychosis risk.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2024Review
- Differential effects of cannabis constituents on schizophrenia-related psychosis: a rationale for incorporating cannabidiol into a schizophrenia therapeutic regimen.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- Stress, Environment and Early Psychosis.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- A comparison of neighbourhood level variation and risk factors for affective versus non-affective psychosis.Schizophrenia research · 2023Article
- Development of the Korea-Polyenvironmental Risk Score for Psychosis.Psychiatry investigation · 2022Article
- Characteristics associated with the risk of psychosis among immigrants and their descendants in France.Brain and behavior · 2021Article
- Ethnic disparities in psychotic experiences explained by area-level syndemic effects.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2020Article
- Attitudes towards psychopharmacology and psychotherapy in psychiatric patients with and without migration background.BMC psychiatry · 2020Article
- Migration, ethnicity and psychoses: evidence, models and future directions.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2019Article
- Non-Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia.Current psychiatry reports · 2019Review
- Psychoses sans Frontieres: towards an interdisciplinary understanding of psychosis risk amongst migrants and their descendants.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2019Article
- Subclinical psychosis in adult migrants and ethnic minorities: systematic review and meta-analysis.BJPsych open · 2018Review
- What causes psychosis? An umbrella review of risk and protective factors.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2018Article
- Co-production and evaluation of an e-learning resource to improve African-Caribbean families' knowledge about schizophrenia and engagement with services: a pilot randomised controlled trial protocol.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeIncreased risk of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders among black Caribbean migrants and their descendants have been described since the 1960s. It remains unclear whether this risk varies over time, between rural and urban areas, or according to methodological artefact.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review of the incidence of adult-onset psychotic disorders in black Caribbean groups relative to the baseline population in England, published 1950-2013. Subject to sufficient data (N ≥ 5) we used random effects meta-analyses to estimate pooled incidence rates (IR) and rate ratios (IRR) of seven psychotic disorder outcomes, and meta-regression to inspect whether any variation was attributable to study-level methodological features, including case ascertainment, denominator reliability, choice of baseline population and study quality.
resultsEighteen studies met inclusion for review. Sixteen demonstrated statistically significant elevated incidence rates in the black Caribbean group, present across all major psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Methodological quality increased over time (p = 0.01), but was not associated with estimated IR or IRR. For schizophrenia (N = 11 studies) the pooled IRR in the black Caribbean group was 4.7 (95 % CI 3.9-5.7) relative to the baseline; no evidence of publication bias was observed. We found weak evidence to suggest schizophrenia IRRs were smaller from studies in more urban settings (odds ratio 0.98; 95 % CI 0.96-1.00; p = 0.06).
conclusionsHigher incidence rates of psychotic disorders have been present for more than 60 years amongst black Caribbean ethnic groups in England, despite improved study methodologies over time. Aetiological explanations appear to more parsimoniously account for this excess than methodological biases.
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