ArticleJournal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology2015
Cytokine correlations in youth with tic disorders.
Article in Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroimmune Links to White-matter Microstructure in Medication-naïve Children with Tic Disorder: A Mediation Analysis.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Th17 effector cytokines induce shared and distinct microglial and endothelial cell responses in a mouse model for post-streptococcal encephalitis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Th17 effector cytokines induce shared and distinct microglial and endothelial cell responses in post-streptococcal encephalitis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Analysis of Cytokine Profiles and Their Impact on Tic Disorder Severity Over One Year.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels in children with autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.International journal of developmental disabilities · 2025Article
- Yinhua Gouteng decoction alleviates tic disorder symptoms by modulating neuro-inflammation in a rat model.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): Immunological Features Underpinning Controversial Entities.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Clinical management of children with tic disorder: insights from therapeutic visits in China-a real-world study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Cytokine levels reflect tic symptoms more prominently during mild phases.BMC neuroscience · 2023Article
- [Recent research on neurodevelopmental disorders in children].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2023Review
- Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome: Current Perspectives.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2023Review
- Immunological characterization of an Italian PANDAS cohort.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Association of elevated plasma CCL5 levels with high risk for tic disorders in children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Big data analytics frameworks for the influence of gut microbiota on the development of tic disorder.Frontiers in computational neuroscience · 2022Article
- Cytokine profile of pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive and/or movement disorder symptoms: A review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Review
- Neuroinflammation in a Rat Model of Tourette Syndrome.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Article
- Changes of Cytokines in Children With Tic Disorder.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- PANDAS/PANS in childhood: Controversies and evidence.Paediatrics & child health · 2019Article
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Tics, and Autoinflammatory Diseases: Beyond PANDAS.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2016Article
- Special issue on pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStudies have noted immunological disruptions in patients with tic disorders, including increased serum cytokine levels. This study aimed to determine whether or not cytokine levels could be correlated with tic symptom severity in patients with a diagnosed tic disorder.
methodsTwenty-one patients, ages 4-17 years (average 10.63±2.34 years, 13 males), with a clinical diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome (TS) or chronic tic disorder (CTD), were selected based on having clinic visits that coincided with a tic symptom exacerbation and a remission. Ratings of tic severity were assessed using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) and serum cytokine levels (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, interferon [IFN]-γ, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor [GM-CSF]) were measured using Luminex xMAP technology.
resultsDuring tic symptom exacerbation, patients had higher median serum TNF-α levels (z=-1.962, p=0.05), particularly those on antipsychotics (U=9.00, p=0.033). Increased IL-13 was also associated with antipsychotic use during exacerbation (U=4.00, p=0.043) despite being negatively correlated to tic severity scores (ρ=-0.599, p=018), whereas increased IL-5 was associated with antibiotic use (U=6.5, p=0.035). During tic symptom remission, increased serum IL-4 levels were associated with antipsychotic (U=6.00, p=0.047) and antibiotic (U=1.00, p=0.016) use, whereas increased IL-12p70 (U=4.00, p=0.037) was associated with antibiotic use.
conclusionsThese findings suggest a role for cytokine dysregulation in the pathogenesis of tic disorders. It also points toward the mechanistic involvement and potential diagnostic utility of cytokine monitoring, particularly TNF-α levels. Larger, systematic studies are necessary to further delineate the role of cytokines and medication influences on immunological profiling in tic disorders.
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