ArticlePloS one2015
Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages display an expression profile different from M1 and M2 polarization and highly express Gpnmb and Spp1.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 269 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
269 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 405 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review on Tumor Microenvironment in Glial Neoplasm: From Understanding Pathogenesis to Future Therapeutic Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
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- GM-CSF downregulates type I IFN responses in glioblastoma-associated monocytes.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Glioma-Associated Microglia Augment Neuronal Hyper-Excitability in Glioma.Brain tumor research and treatment · 2026Review
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- Macrophages in Intestinal Wound Healing: Dichotomous Effects and Therapeutic Opportunities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Microglia-specificity of different markers is overridden in glioblastoma specimens.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Consensus statement on microglial and macrophage functions in gliomas.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Review
- A transcriptome-defined TAM-rich phenotype identifies a macrophage-enriched, hypoxia-linked immune contexture in glioblastoma: multi-cohort transcriptomic validation and local histopathological correlation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Dysregulated Microglial Synaptic Engulfment in Diffuse Midline Glioma.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Glioma‑associated microglia and macrophages as a potential target for mTOR inhibition in glioblastoma.Molecular medicine reports · 2025Article
- Progenitor cells, microglia, and non-coding RNAs: Orchestrators of glioblastoma pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance.Non-coding RNA research · 2025Review
- The role of genes related to excitotoxicity in glioma prognosis.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B is a biomarker of inflammation in individuals with Gaucher disease: relationship to clinico-pathological subtypes.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025Article
- Lipid-Metabolically Active TREM2Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Article
- Identification and characterization of tumor-associated astrocyte subpopulations and their interactions with the tumor microenvironment in experimental glioblastomas.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- An oncolytic herpes simplex virus armed with IL-12 for treatment of preclinical glioblastoma.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2025Article
- Glioblastoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Macrophages: Subtypes, Distribution, Polarization, Immunomodulatory Functions, and Therapeutics.MedComm · 2025Review
209 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Malignant glioma belong to the most aggressive neoplasms in humans with no successful treatment available. Patients suffering from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the highest-grade glioma, have an average survival time of only around one year after diagnosis. Both microglia and peripheral macrophages/monocytes accumulate within and around glioma, but fail to exert effective anti-tumor activity and even support tumor growth. Here we use microarray analysis to compare the expression profiles of glioma-associated microglia/macrophages and naive control cells. Samples were generated from CD11b+ MACS-isolated cells from naïve and GL261-implanted C57BL/6 mouse brains. Around 1000 genes were more than 2-fold up- or downregulated in glioma-associated microglia/macrophages when compared to control cells. A comparison with published data sets of M1, M2a,b,c-polarized macrophages revealed a gene expression pattern that has only partial overlap with any of the M1 or M2 gene expression patterns. Samples for the qRT-PCR validation of selected M1 and M2a,b,c-specific genes were generated from two different glioma mouse models and isolated by flow cytometry to distinguish between resident microglia and invading macrophages. We confirmed in both models the unique glioma-associated microglia/macrophage phenotype including a mixture of M1 and M2a,b,c-specific genes. To validate the expression of these genes in human we MACS-isolated CD11b+ microglia/macrophages from GBM, lower grade brain tumors and control specimens. Apart from the M1/M2 gene analysis, we demonstrate that the expression of Gpnmb and Spp1 is highly upregulated in both murine and human glioma-associated microglia/macrophages. High expression of these genes has been associated with poor prognosis in human GBM, as indicated by patient survival data linked to gene expression data. We also show that microglia/macrophages are the predominant source of these transcripts in murine and human GBM. Our findings provide new potential targets for future anti-glioma therapy.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.