ReviewParasitology2015
A co-evolutionary arms race: trypanosomes shaping the human genome, humans shaping the trypanosome genome.
Review in Parasitology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Wildlife surveys detectCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2026Article
- Helminth Coinfections Modulate Disease Dynamics and Vaccination Success in the Era of Emerging Infectious Diseases.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Transforming the chemotherapy of human African trypanosomiasis.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- The APOL1 p.N264K variant is co-inherited with the G2 kidney disease risk variant through a proximity recombination event.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Phenome-wide analysis reveals epistatic associations between APOL1 variants and chronic kidney disease and multiple other disorders.EBioMedicine · 2024Article
- Advances in the Immunology of the Host-Parasite Interactions in African Trypanosomosis, including Single-Cell Transcriptomics.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Farmers' knowledge, perceptions, and practices on animal trypanosomosis and the tsetse fly vector: A cross-sectional study around Kenya's Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Reserve at the livestock-wildlife interface.Open research Africa · 2022Article
- Fatty acid uptake inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Evolution of Renal-Disease Factor APOL1 Results in Cis and Trans Orientations at the Endoplasmic Reticulum That Both Show Cytotoxic Effects.Molecular biology and evolution · 2021Article
- The History of Anti-Trypanosome Vaccine Development Shows That Highly Immunogenic and Exposed Pathogen-Derived Antigens Are Not Necessarily Good Target Candidates: Enolase and ISG75 as Examples.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- African Trypanosomosis Obliterates DTPa Vaccine-Induced Functional Memory So That Post-TreatmentVaccines · 2021Article
- Comprehensive analysis of oral administration of Vitamin E on the early stage ofJournal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2021Article
- Salivarian Trypanosomes Have Adopted Intricate Host-Pathogen Interaction Mechanisms That Ensure Survival in Plain Sight of the Adaptive Immune System.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Comparative Analysis of Virulence Mechanisms of Trypanosomatids Pathogenic to Humans.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- A receptor for the complement regulator factor H increases transmission of trypanosomes to tsetse flies.Nature communications · 2020Article
- Infections With Extracellular Trypanosomes Require Control by Efficient Innate Immune Mechanisms and Can Result in the Destruction of the Mammalian Humoral Immune System.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Separating the Wheat from the Chaff: RNA Editing and Selection of Translatable mRNA in Trypanosome Mitochondria.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Clinical and Neuropathogenetic Aspects of Human African Trypanosomiasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Sixteen diverse laboratory mouse reference genomes define strain-specific haplotypes and novel functional loci.Nature genetics · 2018Article
- Fetal-Not Maternal-APOL1 Genotype Associated with Risk for Preeclampsia in Those with African Ancestry.American journal of human genetics · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of African sleeping sickness in humans and one of several pathogens that cause the related veterinary disease Nagana. A complex co-evolution has occurred between these parasites and primates that led to the emergence of trypanosome-specific defences and counter-measures. The first line of defence in humans and several other catarrhine primates is the trypanolytic protein apolipoprotein-L1 (APOL1) found within two serum protein complexes, trypanosome lytic factor 1 and 2 (TLF-1 and TLF-2). Two sub-species of T. brucei have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome this innate resistance, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. In T. b. rhodesiense, the presence of the serum resistance associated (SRA) gene, a truncated variable surface glycoprotein (VSG), is sufficient to confer resistance to lysis. The resistance mechanism of T. b. gambiense is more complex, involving multiple components: reduction in binding affinity of a receptor for TLF, increased cysteine protease activity and the presence of the truncated VSG, T. b. gambiense-specific glycoprotein (TgsGP). In a striking example of co-evolution, evidence is emerging that primates are responding to challenge by T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, with several populations of humans and primates displaying resistance to infection by these two sub-species.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.