Observational studyDrug and alcohol dependence2015
Police bribery and access to methadone maintenance therapy within the context of drug policy reform in Tijuana, Mexico.
Observational study in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Policing Practices and Risk of HIV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs.Epidemiologic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Municipal police support for harm reduction services in officer-led referrals of people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico.Harm reduction journal · 2021Trial
- Prevalence and Factors Associated With Sexually Transmitted Infections Among People who Inject Drugs in the San Diego-Tijuana Border Region.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Cost-effectiveness of a police education program on HIV and overdose among people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- Unlocking deflection: The role of supervisor support in police officer willingness to refer people who inject drugs to harm reduction services.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Article
- The introduction of fentanyl on the US-Mexico border: An ethnographic account triangulated with drug checking data from Tijuana.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Article
- Geographical and socioeconomic disparities in opioid access in Mexico, 2015-19: a retrospective analysis of surveillance data.The Lancet. Public health · 2021Article
- Drugs, discipline and death: Causes and predictors of mortality among people who inject drugs in Tijuana, 2011-2018.The International journal on drug policy · 2020Article
- Prevalence and Correlates of Injecting with Visitors from the United States Among People Who Inject Drugs in Tijuana, Mexico.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2019Article
- Policing space in the overdose crisis: A rapid ethnographic study of the impact of law enforcement practices on the effectiveness of overdose prevention sites.The International journal on drug policy · 2019Article
- Article
- Differences by sex in associations between injection drug risks and drug crime conviction among people who inject drugs in Almaty, Kazakhstan.The International journal on drug policy · 2018Article
- Factors associated with extrajudicial arrest for syringe possession: results of a department-wide survey of municipal police in Tijuana, Mexico.BMC international health and human rights · 2018Article
- Cost of provision of opioid substitution therapy provision in Tijuana, Mexico.Harm reduction journal · 2018Article
- Predictors of injecting cessation among a cohort of people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2018Article
- Do law enforcement interactions reduce the initiation of injection drug use? An investigation in three North American settings.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2018Observational
- Assessing police officers' attitudes and legal knowledge on behaviors that impact HIV transmission among people who inject drugs.The International journal on drug policy · 2017Article
- Measuring improvement in knowledge of drug policy reforms following a police education program in Tijuana, Mexico.Harm reduction journal · 2017Article
- Differential experiences of Mexican policing by people who inject drugs residing in Tijuana and San Diego.The International journal on drug policy · 2017Article
- A socio-structural approach to preventing injection drug use initiation: rationale for the PRIMER study.Harm reduction journal · 2016Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aimsIn 2009, Mexico passed legislation to decriminalize drug possession and improve access to addiction treatment. We undertook research to assess the implementation of the reform among a cohort of people who inject drugs (PWID) in Tijuana. This study specifically sought to determine whether discretionary policing practices like extortion impact access to methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) in Tijuana, a city characterized by high levels of drug-related harms.
methodsGeneralized estimating equation analyses were used to construct longitudinal confounding models to determine the association between paying a police bribe and MMT enrolment among PWID in Tijuana enrolled in a prospective cohort study. Outcome of interest was MMT enrolment in the past six months. Data on police interactions and MMT enrolment were also obtained.
resultsBetween October, 2011 and September, 2013, 637 participants provided 1825 observations, with 143 (7.8%) reports of MMT enrolment during the study period. In a final confounding model, recently reporting being forced to pay a bribe to police was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of accessing MMT (adjusted odds ratio=1.69, 95% confidence interval: 1.02-2.81, p=0.043). However, in 56 (39.2%) cases, MMT enrolment ceased within six months. The majority of participant responses cited the fact that MMT was too expensive (69.1%). DISCUSSION: Levels of MMT access were low. PWID who experienced police extortion were more likely to access MMT at baseline, though this association decreased during the study period. Coupled with the costs of MMT, this may compromise MMT retention among PWID.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.