ArticleThe Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy2015
Low HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance in Bulgaria against a background of high clade diversity.
Article in The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Distinct Molecular Epidemiology, Transmission Patterns, and Resistance Mutations of HIV-1 Subtypes A1, A6, and A7 in Bulgaria.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Article
- Epidemiological and molecular characterization of HBV and HCV infections in HIV-1-infected inmate population in Italy: a 2017-2019 multicenter cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Molecular Epidemiological Analysis of the Origin and Transmission Dynamics of the HIV-1 CRF01_AE Sub-Epidemic in Bulgaria.Viruses · 2021Article
- Article
- High HIV-1 diversity in immigrants resident in Italy (2008-2017).Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Analysis of HIV-1 diversity, primary drug resistance and transmission networks in Croatia.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Earlier Initiation of Antiretroviral Treatment Coincides With an Initial Control of the HIV-1 Sub-Subtype F1 Outbreak Among Men-Having-Sex-With-Men in Flanders, Belgium.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- HIV-1 transmitted drug resistance in Slovenia and its impact on predicted treatment effectiveness: 2011-2016 update.PloS one · 2018Article
- High prevalence and diversity of HIV-1 non-B genetic forms due to immigration in southern Spain: A phylogeographic approach.PloS one · 2017Article
- Origin and spread of HIV-1 in persons who inject drugs in Bulgaria.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2016Article
- Observational
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo determine transmitted drug resistance (TDR) and HIV-1 genetic diversity in Bulgaria.
methodsThe prevalence of TDR and HIV-1 subtypes was determined in 305/1446 (21.1%) persons newly diagnosed with HIV/AIDS from 1988 to 2011. TDR mutations (TDRMs) in protease and reverse transcriptase were defined using the WHO HIV drug mutation list. Phylogenetic analysis was used to infer polymerase (pol) genotype.
resultsTDRMs were found in 16/305 (5.2%) persons, 11 (3.6%) with resistance to NRTIs, 5 (1.6%) with resistance to NNRTIs and 3 (0.9%) with resistance to PIs. Dual-class TDRMs were found in three (1.0%) patients and one statistically supported cluster of TDRMs comprising two individuals with subtype B infection. TDRMs were found in 10 heterosexuals, 4 MSM and two intravenous drug users. Phylogenetic analyses identified high HIV-1 diversity consisting of mostly subtype B (44.6%), subtype C (3.3%), sub-subtype A1 (2.6%), sub-subtype F1 (2.3%), sub-subtype A-like (3.6%), subtype G (0.3%), CRF14_BG (1.6%), CRF05_DF (1.3%), CRF03_AB (0.3%) and unique recombinant forms (1.3%).
conclusionsWe found a low prevalence of TDR against a background of high HIV-1 genetic diversity among antiretroviral-naive patients in Bulgaria. Our results provide baseline data on TDR and support continued surveillance of high-risk populations in Bulgaria to better target treatment and prevention efforts.
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