ArticleCytokine2015
Estrogen alters baseline and inflammatory-induced cytokine levels independent from hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.
Article in Cytokine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- Low-dose tamoxifen ameliorates ovariectomy-induced metabolic and immune dysfunction.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Cell-based polygenic risk scores predict clinical progression and prioritize network-based therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Sex hormones, the gut microbiome, and neurodegenerative diseases: Lifespan perspective.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Impact of timing of menopause on musculoskeletal disorders and associated pain in community-dwelling women: the Yakumo study.International orthopaedics · 2026Article
- Aromatase inhibitors induce pain-like musculoskeletal symptoms in mice: behavioural, pharmacological and pathophysiological characterization.British journal of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Association between dietary fat intake and fatty acid profiles and hyperuricemia among Chinese adults: Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- DeepStrataAge: an interpretable deep-learning clock that reveals stage- and sex-divergent DNA methylation aging dynamics.npj aging · 2026Article
- Age-dependent patterns of inflammatory and autoimmune markers: CRP-RF correlation emerges after age 50 in asymptomatic adults.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Article
- Use of the Pay-for-Performance Program in Reducing Sarcopenia Risk: A Nested Case-Control Study Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Investigating biochemical markers of Acupuncture's effectiveness in managing climacteric syndrome in breast cancer patients: the FLAIR study.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2025Article
- Real-world evidence for herbal medicine benefit in 9728 type 2 diabetes patients-peridonotitis risk and ambulatory care utilization.World journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Inflammatory Cytokine Signatures Are Associated With Disease Burden and Comorbidity of Episodic Migraine and Endometriosis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- The Addition of Chinese Herbal Medicines Is Effective as a Prophylactic Treatment Against Dental Diseases for Sjögren's Syndrome Patients: Insight from Real-World Database.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- The role of sex differences in cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune functions in health and disease: a review for "Sex Differences in Health Awareness Day".Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- The Intersection of Sarcopenia and Musculoskeletal Pain: Addressing Interconnected Challenges in Aging Care.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- Article
- Associations between endogenous sex hormones and multisite chronic musculoskeletal pain.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Article
- Estrogen hindrance escalates inflammation and neurodegeneration in the hippocampal regions of collagen-induced arthritis female Sprague-Dawley rats.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2025Article
- A systematic review on the bidirectional relationship between trauma-related psychopathology and reproductive aging.Journal of mood and anxiety disorders · 2024Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although estrogen reduces inflammatory-mediated pain responses, the mechanisms behind its effects are unclear. This study investigated if estrogen modulates inflammatory signaling by reducing baseline or inflammation-induced cytokine levels in the injury-site, serum, dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and/or spinal cord. We further tested whether estrogen effects on cytokine levels are in part mediated through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation. Lumbar DRG, spinal cord, serum, and hind paw tissue were analyzed for cytokine levels in 17β-estradiol-(20%) or vehicle-(100% cholesterol) treated female rats following ovariectomy/sham adrenalectomy (OVX), adrenalectomy/sham ovariectomy (ADX) or ADX+OVX operation at baseline and post formalin injection. Formalin significantly increased pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 levels in the paw, as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in the DRG, spinal cord and serum in comparison to naïve conditions. Estrogen replacement significantly increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels in the DRG. Centrally, estradiol significantly decreased pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β levels, as well as IL-10 levels, in the spinal cord in comparison to cholesterol treatment. At both sites, most estradiol modulatory effects occurred irrespective of pain or surgical condition. Estradiol alone had no influence on cytokine release in the paw or serum, indicating that estrogen effects were site-specific. Although cytokine levels were altered between surgical conditions at baseline and following formalin administration, ADX operation did not significantly reverse estradiol's modulation of cytokine levels. These results suggest that estrogen directly regulates cytokines independent of HPA axis activity in vivo, in part by reducing cytokine levels in the spinal cord.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.