Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25646512›Full record

ArticlePhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2015

The origins of music in auditory scene analysis and the roles of evolution and culture in musical creation.

Laurel J Trainor

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
37citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

37 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Expressing emotions through music.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2026
    Review
  2. Critical Review on the Development and Evolution of Beat Perception.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2026
    Review
  3. Article
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  8. The role of musical pitch in long-distance defensive signaling.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025
    Review
  9. Article
  10. The cultural evolution of distortion in music (and other norms of mixed appeal).Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025
    Article
  11. The perception of emotion in music by people with hearing loss and people with cochlear implants.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2024
    Review
  12. Music as an Evolved Tool for Socio-Affective Fiction.Emotion review : journal of the International Society for Research on Emotion · 2024
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author.

Laurel J TrainorDepartment of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ljt@mcmaster.ca.

Funding

Canadian Institutes of Health Research
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Whether music was an evolutionary adaptation that conferred survival advantages or a cultural creation has generated much debate. Consistent with an evolutionary hypothesis, music is unique to humans, emerges early in development and is universal across societies. However, the adaptive benefit of music is far from obvious. Music is highly flexible, generative and changes rapidly over time, consistent with a cultural creation hypothesis. In this paper, it is proposed that much of musical pitch and timing structure adapted to preexisting features of auditory processing that evolved for auditory scene analysis (ASA). Thus, music may have emerged initially as a cultural creation made possible by preexisting adaptations for ASA. However, some aspects of music, such as its emotional and social power, may have subsequently proved beneficial for survival and led to adaptations that enhanced musical behaviour. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic evidence is considered in this regard. In particular, enhanced auditory-motor pathways in humans that enable movement entrainment to music and consequent increases in social cohesion, and pathways enabling music to affect reward centres in the brain should be investigated as possible musical adaptations. It is concluded that the origins of music are complex and probably involved exaptation, cultural creation and evolutionary adaptation.

Indexed as

Biological EvolutionCultureHearingMusicAdaptation, PhysiologicalHumansauditory scene analysisentrainmentevolutionmetremusicpitch

Identifiers

PMID25646512
PMCPMC4321130

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.