Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25646334›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2015

Chocolate consumption and risk of diabetes mellitus in the Physicians' Health Study.

Chisa Matsumoto, Andrew B Petrone, Howard D Sesso, J Michael Gaziano, Luc Djoussé

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
1.7field-weighted citation impact, top 16% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Trial
  4. Trial
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Chocolate, "Food of the Gods": History, Science, and Human Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Effects of Cocoa Antioxidants in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017
    Review
  12. Chocolate intake and diabetes risk in postmenopausal American women.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2017
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.

Chisa MatsumotoFrom the Division of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan (CM); the Divisions of Aging (ABP, HDS, JMG, and LD) and Preventive Medicine (HDS and JMG), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HDS, JMG, and LD); and the Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA (JMG and LD).
Andrew B PetroneFrom the Division of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan (CM); the Divisions of Aging (ABP, HDS, JMG, and LD) and Preventive Medicine (HDS and JMG), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HDS, JMG, and LD); and the Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA (JMG and LD).
Howard D SessoFrom the Division of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan (CM); the Divisions of Aging (ABP, HDS, JMG, and LD) and Preventive Medicine (HDS and JMG), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HDS, JMG, and LD); and the Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA (JMG and LD).
J Michael GazianoFrom the Division of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan (CM); the Divisions of Aging (ABP, HDS, JMG, and LD) and Preventive Medicine (HDS and JMG), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HDS, JMG, and LD); and the Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA (JMG and LD).
Luc DjousséFrom the Division of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan (CM); the Divisions of Aging (ABP, HDS, JMG, and LD) and Preventive Medicine (HDS and JMG), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (HDS, JMG, and LD); and the Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA (JMG and LD).
Brigham and Women's Hospital · US

Funding

Physicians' Health Study II: Prevention Trial of VitaminsR01CA097193 · NCI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI GAZIANO, J. MICHAEL · 2002 to 2011
$15.7M
RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF ASPIRIN AND MORTALITYR01CA040360 · NCI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI BURING, JULIE E · 1985 to 2002
$775k
Red Blood Cell Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Coronary Artery DiseaseR21HL088081 · NHLBI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI DJOUSSE, LUC · 2009 to 2010
$484k
TRIAL OF ASPIRIN AND BETA-CAROTENE IN U S MD'SR01HL034595 · NHLBI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI BURING, JULIE E · 1985 to 1991
–
NCI NIH HHS CA-097193NCI NIH HHS CA-34944NCI NIH HHS CA-40360NHLBI NIH HHS HL-26490NHLBI NIH HHS HL-34595NHLBI NIH HHS R21 HL088081
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPrevious studies reported beneficial effects of cocoa or chocolate on insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which are important risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). However, it is unclear whether chocolate consumption is associated with risk of DM.

objectiveWe tested the hypothesis that chocolate consumption is inversely associated with incident DM in the Physicians' Health Study (PHS).

designWe prospectively analyzed data on 18,235 PHS participants who were free of DM at baseline (1997-2001). Chocolate consumption was obtained from a baseline food-frequency questionnaire. Incident DM was ascertained via annual follow-up questionnaires and validated in a subsample by a review of medical records. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate HRs and 95% CIs of DM.

resultsThe mean (±SD) age at baseline was 66.3 ± 9.2 y. During a mean follow up of 9.2 y, 1123 men (6.2%) developed DM. For self-reported chocolate consumption of none, 1-3 servings/mo, 1 serving/wk, and ≥2 servings/wk, multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) of DM adjusted for lifestyle, clinical, and dietary risk factors including total energy intake were 1.00 (referent), 0.93 (0.79, 1.09), 0.86 (0.72, 1.04), and 0.83 (0.69, 0.99), respectively (P-trend = 0.047). In secondary analyses, the inverse association of chocolate consumption and risk of DM was slightly stronger in subjects without a history of cardiovascular disease or heart failure (P-trend = 0.023). In addition, both age and BMI modified the chocolate-DM relation (P < 0.05 each).

conclusionOur data support an inverse relation of chocolate intake with incident DM, which appears only to apply in younger and normal-body weight men after controlling for comprehensive life styles including total energy consumption.

Indexed as

CacaoCandyAgedAspirinbeta CaroteneDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Dose-Response Relationship, DrugEnergy IntakeHumansLife StyleMaleMiddle AgedProportional Hazards ModelsProspective StudiesRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicRisk FactorsAspirinbeta Carotenechocolatediabetes mellitusepidemiologynutritionrisk factors

Identifiers

PMID25646334
PMCPMC4307206
OpenAlexW2074822573

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.