ArticleBMC medicine2015
The impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy on depressive and anxiety behaviors in children: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.
Article in BMC medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaping and Smoking in Pregnancy-A Meta-Analysis of Neurobehavioural Development in Prenatally Exposed Offspring.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Pooled it
- Association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with youth depression and subsequent adult chronic diseases in offspring.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Mediating mechanisms of the association between prenatal tobacco exposure and adolescent suicide attempt: A 17-year longitudinal study.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy in relation to adolescent anxiety and poor mental health: A cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2007-2012.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Anxiety, Depression, and Emotional Dysregulation Following Prenatal Substance Exposure.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Predicting 5-year-olds mental health at birth: development and internal validation of a multivariable model using the prospective ELFE birth cohort.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Latent trajectories of mental health service use in an Australian state population cohort of children.The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Linking epidemiology and genomics of maternal smoking during pregnancy in utero and in ageing: a population-based study using human foetuses and the UK Biobank cohort.EBioMedicine · 2025Article
- Prenatal Cannabis and Tobacco Co-Exposure and Its Association with Behavioural Outcomes in Middle Childhood: Co-exposition prénatale au cannabis et au tabac et son association avec les résultats comportementaux au cours de l'enfance intermédiaire.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2025Article
- Perinatal and neonatal factors and mental disorders in children and adolescents: looking for the contributions of the early environment to common and dissociable aspects of psychopathology.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- The association of early life factors with depression and anxiety in adults aged 40-69 years: a population-based cohort study.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Multiple Risk in Pregnancy- Prenatal Risk Constellations and Mother-Infant Interactions, Parenting Stress, and Child Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors: A Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study from Pregnancy to 18 Months Postpartum.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2024Article
- Maternal and psychosocial antecedents of anxiety and depression in extremely low gestational age newborns at age 15 years.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- Chronic nicotine exposure induces molecular and transcriptomic endophenotypes associated with mood and anxiety disorders in a cerebral organoid neurodevelopmental model.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Review
- Proxy gene-by-environment Mendelian randomization study of the association between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and offspring mental health.International journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Maternal oxidative stress during pregnancy associated with emotional and behavioural problems in early childhood: implications for foetal programming.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Article
- Association of Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy with Neurophysiological and ADHD-Related Outcomes in School-Aged Children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Prenatal nicotine exposure during pregnancy results in adverse neurodevelopmental alterations and neurobehavioral deficits.Advances in drug and alcohol research · 2023Review
- Prenatal nicotine alters development of the laterodorsal tegmentum: Possible role for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and drug dependence.World journal of psychiatry · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMaternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) is associated with multiple adverse childhood outcomes including externalizing behaviors. However, the association between MSDP and internalizing (anxiety and depressive) behaviors in offspring has received less investigation. We aimed to assess the association between MSDP and childhood internalizing (anxiety and depressive) behaviors in a very large, well-characterized cohort study.
methodsWe assessed the association between MSDP and internalizing behaviors in offspring utilizing information drawn from 90,040 mother-child pairs enrolled in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Mothers reported smoking information, including status and frequency of smoking, twice during pregnancy. Mothers also reported their child's internalizing behaviors at 18 months, 36 months, and 5 years. Associations between MSDP and childhood internalizing behaviors, including dose-response and timing of smoking in pregnancy, were assessed at each time point.
resultsMSDP was associated with increased internalizing behaviors when offspring were aged 18 months (B = 0.11, P <0.001) and 36 months (B = 0.06, P <0.01), adjusting for numerous potential confounders. Higher rates of smoking (e.g., >20 cigarettes per day) were associated with higher levels of internalizing behaviors. Maternal smoking during early pregnancy appeared to be the critical period for exposure.
conclusionsWe found evidence supporting a potential role for MSDP in increasing internalizing (anxiety and depressive) behaviors in offspring. We also found evidence supportive of a possible causal relationship, including dose-dependency and support for a predominant role of early pregnancy exposure. Further investigation utilizing genetically informed designs are warranted to assess this association.
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