ArticleBMJ open2015
Sleep and use of electronic devices in adolescence: results from a large population-based study.
Article in BMJ open, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 213 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
213 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Digital Devices Use and Sleep in Adolescents: An Umbrella Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- The association of screen time and the risk of sleep outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Electronic Media Use and Sleep Quality: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Pooled it
- Adolescents' interactive electronic device use, sleep and mental health: a systematic review of prospective studies.Journal of sleep research · 2023Pooled it
- Timing of sedentary behaviour and access to sedentary activities in the bedroom and their association with sleep quality and duration in children and youth: a systematic review.Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada : research, policy and practice · 2022Pooled it
- The influence of blue light on sleep, performance and wellbeing in young adults: A systematic review.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of objectively-measured sleep duration on cardiometabolic health: A systematic review of recent evidence.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Mobile Phone Use and Mental Health. A Review of the Research That Takes a Psychological Perspective on Exposure.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Pooled it
- Association Between Portable Screen-Based Media Device Access or Use and Sleep Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA pediatrics · 2016Pooled it
- Effect of restricting bedtime mobile phone use on sleep, arousal, mood, and working memory: A randomized pilot trial.PloS one · 2020Trial
- Prevalence and Possible Factors of Myopia in Norwegian Adolescents.Scientific reports · 2018Trial
- Unrestricted evening use of light-emitting tablet computers delays self-selected bedtime and disrupts circadian timing and alertness.Physiological reports · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Adolescents' daily affect predicts their mobile phone use (not the other way around).Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Poor Sleep Quality and Associated Factors Among Medical Students in Saudi Arabia.Cureus · 2026Article
- Detecting the Non-Dipper Phenotype in Adolescents Exposed to Nighttime Screen Use-Digital Chronotoxicity as a Proposed Integrative Framework: A Narrative Review of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring, Subclinical Biomarkers, and Emerging Wearable and AI-Based Screening.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
- Structural Brain Correlates of Insufficient Sleep in Adolescents: A Narrative Review of MRI Evidence.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Perceived Impact of Social Media Use on Mental Health and Sleep-Related Outcomes Among Healthy Social Media Users: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Temporal patterns of adolescent screen time and compulsive internet use in Moroccan high school students.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
153 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesAdolescents spend increasingly more time on electronic devices, and sleep deficiency rising in adolescents constitutes a major public health concern. The aim of the present study was to investigate daytime screen use and use of electronic devices before bedtime in relation to sleep.
designA large cross-sectional population-based survey study from 2012, the youth@hordaland study, in Hordaland County in Norway.
settingCross-sectional general community-based study.
participants9846 adolescents from three age cohorts aged 16-19. The main independent variables were type and frequency of electronic devices at bedtime and hours of screen-time during leisure time. OUTCOMES: Sleep variables calculated based on self-report including bedtime, rise time, time in bed, sleep duration, sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset.
resultsAdolescents spent a large amount of time during the day and at bedtime using electronic devices. Daytime and bedtime use of electronic devices were both related to sleep measures, with an increased risk of short sleep duration, long sleep onset latency and increased sleep deficiency. A dose-response relationship emerged between sleep duration and use of electronic devices, exemplified by the association between PC use and risk of less than 5 h of sleep (OR=2.70, 95% CI 2.14 to 3.39), and comparable lower odds for 7-8 h of sleep (OR=1.64, 95% CI 1.38 to 1.96).
conclusionsUse of electronic devices is frequent in adolescence, during the day as well as at bedtime. The results demonstrate a negative relation between use of technology and sleep, suggesting that recommendations on healthy media use could include restrictions on electronic devices.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.