ArticlePloS one2015
Antimicrobial protein and Peptide concentrations and activity in human breast milk consumed by preterm infants at risk of late-onset neonatal sepsis.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Factors affecting lactoferrin concentration in human milk: how much do we know?Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire · 2017Pooled it
- Common Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Narrative Review of an Intriguing Interplay.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The Acari Hypothesis, VIII: the human apocrine-mammary-microbiota axis andFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Determinants of human milk lactoferrin concentrations in rural Bangladesh.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Impact of breastfeeding and formula feeding on immune cell populations and blood cell parameters: an observational study.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Observational
- Article
- High hydrostatic pressure is similar to Holder pasteurization in preserving donor milk antimicrobial activity.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- How much does a liter of donor human milk cost? Cost analysis of operating a human milk bank in Italy.International breastfeeding journal · 2022Article
- Human Breast Milk Contamination with Aflatoxins, Impact on Children's Health, and Possible Control Means: A Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Cord blood antimicrobial peptide LL37 levels in preterm neonates and association with preterm complications.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- The Role of Antimicrobial Peptides as Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Agents in Tackling the Silent Pandemic of Antimicrobial Resistance.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- A prospective cohort study on lactation status and breastfeeding challenges in mothers giving birth to preterm infants.International breastfeeding journal · 2022Article
- Lactoferrin and Human Neutrophil Protein (HNP) 1-3 Levels During the Neonatal Period in Preterm Infants.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Clinical implications of preterm infant gut microbiome development.Nature microbiology · 2022Article
- Review
- Fortification With Bovine Colostrum Enhances Antibacterial Activity of Human Milk.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2021Article
- Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe investigated the levels and antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) in breast milk consumed by preterm infants, and whether deficiencies of these factors were associated with late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS), a bacterial infection that frequently occurs in preterm infants in the neonatal period. STUDY
designBreast milk from mothers of preterm infants (≤ 32 weeks gestation) was collected on days 7 (n = 88) and 21 (n = 77) postpartum. Concentrations of lactoferrin, LL-37, beta-defensins 1 and 2, and alpha-defensin 5 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The antimicrobial activity of breast milk samples against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae was compared to the activity of infant formula, alone or supplemented with physiological levels of AMPs. Samples of breast milk fed to infants with and without subsequent LOS were compared for levels of AMPs and inhibition of bacterial growth.
resultsLevels of most AMPs and antibacterial activity in preterm breast milk were higher at day 7 than at day 21. Lactoferrin was the only AMP that limited pathogen growth >50% when added to formula at a concentration equivalent to that present in breast milk. Levels of AMPs were similar in the breast milk fed to infants with and without LOS, however, infants who developed LOS consumed significantly less breast milk and lower doses of milk AMPs than those who were free from LOS.
conclusionsThe concentrations of lactoferrin and defensins in preterm breast milk have antimicrobial activity against common neonatal pathogens.
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