Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25642419›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in pediatrics2014

Neuroinflammation and neuroimmune dysregulation after acute hypoxic-ischemic injury of developing brain.

Utpal S Bhalala, Raymond C Koehler, Sujatha Kannan

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
75citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

75 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
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  6. Novel purine derivatives mitigate hypoxia ischemia related brain injury through agrin, zyxin and synaptotagmin proteins.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025
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15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Utpal S BhalalaDepartment of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA.
Raymond C KoehlerDepartment of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA.
Sujatha KannanDepartment of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA.

Funding

Therapeutic Strategies for Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemiic EncephalopathyR01NS060703 · NINDS · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI KOEHLER, RAYMOND CHARLES · 2008 to 2019
$3.9M
Mechanisms and novel therapy in intrauterine inflammation induced brain injuryR01HD069562 · NICHD · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI KANNAN, SUJATHA · 2012 to 2016
$1.6M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD069562NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS060703
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury to developing brain results from birth asphyxia in neonates and from cardiac arrest in infants and children. It is associated with varying degrees of neurologic sequelae, depending upon the severity and length of HI. Global HI triggers a series of cellular and biochemical pathways that lead to neuronal injury. One of the key cellular pathways of neuronal injury is inflammation. The inflammatory cascade comprises activation and migration of microglia - the so-called "brain macrophages," infiltration of peripheral macrophages into the brain, and release of cytotoxic and proinflammatory cytokines. In this article, we review the inflammatory and immune mechanisms of secondary neuronal injury after global HI injury to developing brain. Specifically, we highlight the current literature on microglial activation in relation to neuronal injury, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory/restorative pathways, the role of peripheral immune cells, and the potential use of immunomodulators as neuroprotective compounds.

Indexed as

developing brainhypoxia-ischemic encephalopathyimmune dysregulationinflammationmicroglia

Identifiers

PMID25642419
PMCPMC4294124

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.