Trial reportJournal of applied behavior analysis2015
The effects of fixed versus escalating reinforcement schedules on smoking abstinence.
Trial report in Journal of applied behavior analysis, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04927143 (Encouraging Abstinence Behavior in a Drug Epidemic), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Encouraging Abstinence Behavior in a Drug Epidemic: Optimizing Dynamic Incentives
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Korean Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (KSRNT) and National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (NECA) on Treatment of Tobacco Use 2024.Journal of Korean medical science · 2025Guideline
- Incentives for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Incentives for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Discrete Choice Experiment on Financial Incentives for Engaging Young Adults in Vaping Cessation Programs.Substance use & misuse · 2025Trial
- Financial incentives for reduced alcohol use and increased isoniazid adherence during tuberculosis preventive therapy among people with HIV in Uganda: an open-label, factorial randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2023Trial
- A preliminary investigation of schedule parameters on cocaine abstinence in contingency management.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2022Trial
- Financial Incentives for Smoking Abstinence in Homeless Smokers: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2018Trial
- Contingency management interventions for substance use and addictive behaviours: Review of the United Kingdom evidence base.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Review
- Alcohol use and HIV suppression after completion of financial incentives for alcohol abstinence and isoniazid adherence: a randomized controlled trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Budget Impact Tool for Implementing Contingency Management for Co-occurring Alcohol Use Disorders and Serious Mental Illness.Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of contingency management using transdermal alcohol monitoring to reduce heavy drinking among driving while intoxicated (DWI) arrestees: A randomized controlled trial.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2023Article
- Implementing an evidence-based prize contingency management protocol for stimulant use.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2023Article
- Loss-Framed Adaptive Microcontingency Management for Preventing Prolonged Sedentariness: Development and Feasibility Study.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2023Article
- Escalating schedules of incentives increase physical activity with no differences between deposit and no-deposit groups: A systematic replication.Journal of applied behavior analysis · 2023Article
- A Pilot Study of Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Initiating Use of a Hybrid Closed-Loop System While Receiving a Behavioral Economics Intervention.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2021Article
- Article
- Challenges to Conducting Contingency Management Treatment for Substance Use Disorders: Practice Recommendations for Clinicians.Professional psychology, research and practice · 2021Article
- Examining implementation of contingency management in real-world settings.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2020Article
- Article
- Further psychometric analysis of the 20-item Partner Interaction Questionnaire in an adult sample of smokers.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Studies indicate that when abstinence is initiated, escalating reinforcement schedules maintain continuous abstinence longer than fixed reinforcement schedules. However, these studies were conducted for shorter durations than most clinical trials and also resulted in larger reinforcer value for escalating participants during the 1st week of the experiment. We tested whether escalating reinforcement schedules maintained abstinence longer than fixed reinforcement schedules in a 12-week clinical trial. Smokers (146) were randomized to an escalating reinforcement schedule, a fixed reinforcement schedule, or a control condition. Escalating reinforcement participants received $5.00 for their first breath carbon monoxide (CO) sample <3 ppm, with a $0.50 increase for each consecutive sample. Fixed reinforcement participants received $19.75 for each breath CO sample <3 ppm. Control participants received payments only for delivering a breath CO sample. Similar proportions of escalating and fixed reinforcement participants met the breath CO criterion at least once. Escalating reinforcement participants maintained criterion breath CO levels longer than fixed reinforcement and control participants. Similar to previous short-term studies, escalating reinforcement schedules maintained longer durations of abstinence than fixed reinforcement schedules during a clinical trial.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.