ArticleBMC public health2015
China's three-year health reform program and equity in sanitation improvement: a panel analysis.
Article in BMC public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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7 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Spatial effects of township health centers' health resource allocation efficiency in China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Trends of and factors associated with access to residential toilets among the middle-aged and elderly in rural China from 2011 to 2018.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Does sanitation infrastructure in rural areas affect migrant workers' health? Empirical evidence from China.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2020Article
- Association between body weight status and suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents: the moderating role of the child's sex.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2019Article
- Health care utilization and affordability among older people following China's 2009 health reform -- evidence from CHARLS pilot study.International journal for equity in health · 2019Article
- Geographical and temporal distribution of the residual clusters of human leptospirosis in China, 2005-2016.Scientific reports · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundAccessible improved sanitation is critical to child health, and inequities in improved sanitation can be interpreted as health inequities across socio-economic groups. From 2009 to 2011, the Chinese government invested 4.448 billion yuan for rural sanitation improvement through a 3-year health reform program. This study assesses the inequity of sanitation improvement in rural China from 2003 to 2011 and examines whether the 3-year health reform program promoted equity in sanitation improvement.
methodsData from the China Health Statistics Yearbooks of 2004 to 2012 and the National Bureau of Statistics of China were used to create the concentration curve (CC), concentration index (CI), and absolute concentration index (ACI) of improved sanitation. Data of central investment for sanitation improvement in each province of China for 2009, 2010, and 2011 was gained through correspondence and used to create the CC and CI for investment.
resultsAlthough the CIs of improved sanitation are lower than the CIs of the net income of rural residents, the latter have an obvious downtrend. The CIs of improved sanitation increased from 2003 until 2008 and started to drop in 2009. As a result, by 2011, the CIs of improved sanitation had reached their 2003 levels. The ACI of improved sanitation decreased slightly from 2003 to 2008, but declined sharply from 2009 to 2011. The CIs of central investment for 2009, 2010, and 2011 are negative and the CCs of central investment are above the line of absolute equality, indicating that investments had been concentrated more on poorer provinces and regions.
conclusionsThe equality of rural residents' net income has been improving each year, whereas equity in sanitation improvement deteriorated from 2003 to 2008. However, equity in sanitation improvement has increased since 2009 due to central investment in sanitation improvement during the 3-year health reform program that benefits low-income areas more. It is clear that the 3-year health reform program played an important role in promoting the level and equity of sanitation improvement.
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