Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25638047›Full record

ArticleBMC health services research2015

The health literate health care organization 10 item questionnaire (HLHO-10): development and validation.

Christoph Kowalski, Shoou-Yih D Lee, Anna Schmidt, Simone Wesselmann, Markus A Wirtz, Holger Pfaff, Nicole Ernstmann

Open access · goldAbstract readEvaluation StudyValidation Study
In one paragraph

Article in BMC health services research, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
45citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
14.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 128 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
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  5. Distributed Health Literacy Among People With Intellectual Disability, Their Supporters and Healthcare Professionals: A Scoping Review.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026
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  12. [Organizational health literacy in German hospitals and nursing homes: state and perspectives].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2025
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  13. [Development and evaluation of an assessment tool for organisational health literacy].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2025
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  14. Addressing Low Health Literacy in Surgical Populations.Clinics in colon and rectal surgery · 2025
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  18. [DNVF Memorandum: Objectives and Methods of Physical Activity-Related Health Services Research].Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)) · 2024
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  19. Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.

Christoph KowalskiInstitute for Medical Sociology, Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Human Science and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Eupener Strasse 129, Cologne, 50933, Germany. christoph.kowalski@uk-koeln.de.
Shoou-Yih D LeeDepartment of Health Management and Policy, The University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA. sylee@umich.edu.
Anna SchmidtInstitute for Medical Sociology, Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Human Science and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Eupener Strasse 129, Cologne, 50933, Germany. anna.schmidt@uk-koeln.de.
Simone WesselmannGerman Cancer Society, Kuno-Fischer-Straße 8, 14057, Berlin, Germany. wesselmann@krebsgesellschaft.de.
Markus A WirtzUniversity of Education Freiburg, Kunzenweg 21, 79117, Freiburg, Germany. markus.wirtz@ph-freiburg.de.
Holger PfaffInstitute for Medical Sociology, Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Human Science and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Eupener Strasse 129, Cologne, 50933, Germany. holger.pfaff@uk-koeln.de.
Nicole ErnstmannInstitute for Medical Sociology, Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Human Science and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Eupener Strasse 129, Cologne, 50933, Germany. Nicole.ernstmann@uk-koeln.de.
University of Cologne · DEGerman Cancer Society · DETH Köln - University of Applied Sciences · DEUniversity of Education Freiburg · DEUniversity of Michigan · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWhile research on individual health literacy is steadily increasing, less attention has been paid to the context of care that may help to increase the patient's ability to navigate health care or to compensate for their limited health literacy. In 2012, Brach et al. introduced the concept of health literate health care organizations (HLHOs) to describe the organizational context of care. This paper presents our effort in developing and validating an HLHO instrument.

methodTen items were developed to represent the ten attributes of HLHO (HLHO-10) based on a literature review, an expert workshop, a focus group discussion, and qualitative interviews. The instrument was applied in a key informant survey in 51 German hospitals as part of a larger study on patient information and training needs (PIAT-study). Item properties were analyzed and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test the instrument's unidimensionality. To investigate the instrument's predictive validity, a multilevel analysis was performed that used the HLHO-10 score to predict the adequacy of information provided to 1,224 newly-diagnosed breast cancer patients treated at the sample hospitals.

resultsCronbach's α of the resulting scale was 0.89. CFA verified the one-factor structure after allowing for the correlation for four pairs of error terms. In the multilevel model, HLHO-10 significantly predicted the adequacy of information as perceived by patients.

conclusionThe instrument has satisfactory reliability and validity. It provides a useful tool to assess the degree to which health care organizations help patients to navigate, understand, and use information and services. Further validation should include participant observation in health care organizations and a sample that is not limited to breast cancer care.

Indexed as

Surveys and QuestionnairesAdultAgedAged, 80 and overBreast NeoplasmsDelivery of Health CareFactor Analysis, StatisticalFemaleGermanyHealth LiteracyHumansMiddle AgedPrimary Health CareProgram DevelopmentReproducibility of ResultsYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID25638047
PMCPMC4332719
OpenAlexW1997839101

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.