ArticleBMC public health2015
Household and area income levels are associated with smoking status in the Korean adult population.
Article in BMC public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Self-Reported Smoking Behaviour and Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.AJO international · 2026Article
- Health status of poor, older urban adults compared with key health indicators from the 2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the Republic of Korea: a cross-sectional comparative study.Journal of Korean biological nursing science · 2026Article
- National and Regional Trends in the Prevalence of Hypertension in South Korea Amid the Pandemic, 2009-2022: Nationwide Study of Over 3 Million Individuals.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- Influencing factors of good quality of life among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients living in Zhejiang Province, China.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Longitudinal analysis of the impact of smoking exposure on atopic indices and allergies in early childhood.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2023Article
- Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Level and Practices among Tobacco and Nicotine Adult Users in Klang Valley, Malaysia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Gender differences in social environmental changes associated with smoking: a cross-sectional study from Chinese internal migrants.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Article
- Positive Effects of the National Cigarette Price Increase Policy on Smoking Cessation in South Korea.Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases · 2020Article
- Factors Associated with Single-Use and Co-Use of Tobacco and Alcohol: A Multinomial Modeling Approach.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Socioeconomic disparities in prevalence and behaviors of smoking in rural Southwest China.BMC public health · 2019Article
- The Association between Socioeconomic Status, Smoking, and Chronic Disease in Inner Mongolia in Northern China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Comparison of District-level Smoking Prevalence and Their Income Gaps from Two National Databases: the National Health Screening Database and the Community Health Survey in Korea, 2009-2014.Journal of Korean medical science · 2018Article
- Individual- and community-level social gradients of edentulousness.BMC oral health · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSome previous studies have suggested that area-level characteristics have effects on smoking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between household income and area income on smoking in Korean adults.
methodsThis study was based on the Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS) performed in South Korea, between September and November 2009. In total, 222,242 subjects (103,124 men and 119,118 women) were included in the analysis. Information on smoking status was collected using a standardized questionnaire. Income status was determined by monthly household income. Household income was categorized as: <1 million won; <2 million won; <3 million won; and ≥3 million won. Area-level income categorized as quartiles. Data were analyzed using multilevel regression models. The analysis was conducted separately urban and rural, by sex.
resultsThe lowest household income group had a higher risk of smoking than the highest household income group in both urban and rural areas for both men and women after adjusting for individual characteristics (urban men: odds ration [OR], 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-1.53; rural men: OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.25-1.42; urban women: OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 2.06-2.76; rural women: OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.25-1.83). In men, the lowest area-level income group had a higher risk for smoking than the highest area-level income group in urban areas after adjusting for individual characteristics and household income (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02-1.33). In women, the lowest area-level income group had a lower risk for smoking than the highest area-level income group in rural areas after adjusting for individual characteristics and household income (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.39-0.70). However, no association was observed between area-level income and smoking in rural areas for men or in urban areas for women.
conclusionsThe results showed that smoking is strongly associated with household income status in both men and women, and area-level income is partly associated with smoking. Effects of area-level income on smoking differed by sex and region. These findings suggest that area characteristics have contextual effects on health related behavior independent of individual characteristics.
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