SynthesisPloS one2015
Risk factors for mortality from acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in children under five years of age in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06176664 (Oxygen Therapy for Children With Moderate Hypoxemia in Malawi), which is not on this map. Cited by 133 papers, 16 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Oxygen Therapy for Children With Moderate Hypoxemia in Malawi: Pilot Randomized Control Trial
Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 16 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 279 citations in OpenAlex.
- Indoor air pollution exposure and acute respiratory infection among under-five children in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Global prevalence, mortality, and main characteristics of HIV-associated pneumocystosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- What are the risk factors for death among children with pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries? A systematic review.Journal of global health · 2023Pooled it
- The impact of behavioural risk factors on communicable diseases: a systematic review of reviews.BMC public health · 2021Pooled it
- Environmental and Occupational Short-Term Exposure to Airborne Particles and FEVInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Ambient Air Pollution and Respiratory Health in Sub-Saharan African Children: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Housing Risk Factors Associated with Respiratory Disease: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Understanding the effect of indoor air pollution on pneumonia in children under 5 in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of evidence.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2019Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pneumonia Risk Stratification Scores for Children in Low-Resource Settings: A Systematic Literature Review.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2018Pooled it
- Effect of chiropractic treatment on primary or early secondary prevention: a systematic review with a pedagogic approach.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2018Pooled it
- Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia and implications for vaccination of children living in developing and newly industrialized countries: A systematic literature review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Identifying modifiable risk factors for mortality in children aged 1-59 months admitted with WHO-defined severe pneumonia: a single-centre observational cohort study from rural Malawi.BMJ paediatrics open · 2022Trial
- Effects of a Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Mobile Health Program on Respiratory Illness in Bangladesh: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial of the CHoBI7 Mobile Health Program.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2022Trial
- Malawian children with chest-indrawing pneumonia with and without comorbidities or danger signs.Journal of global health · 2021Trial
- Effects of Individual and Combined Water, Sanitation, Handwashing, and Nutritional Interventions on Child Respiratory Infections in Rural Kenya: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Trial
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate risk factors for death from acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in children in low- and middle-income countries.
designSystematic review and meta-analysis. STUDY SELECTION: Observational studies reporting on risk factors for death from ALRI in children below five years in low- and middle income countries. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, Global Health Library, Lilacs, and Web of Science to January 2014. RISK OF BIAS ASSESSMENT: Quality In Prognosis Studies tool with minor adaptations to assess the risk of bias; funnel plots and Egger's test to evaluate publication bias.
resultsOut of 10,655 papers retrieved, 77 studies from 39 countries (198,359 children) met the inclusion criteria. Host and disease characteristics more strongly associated with ALRI mortality were: diagnosis of very severe pneumonia as per WHO definition (odds ratio 9.42, 95% confidence interval 6.37‒13.92); age below two months (5.22, 1.70‒16.03); diagnosis of Pneumocystis Carinii (4.79, 2.67‒8.61), chronic underlying diseases (4.76, 3.27‒6.93); HIV/AIDS (4.68, 3.72‒5.90); and severe malnutrition (OR 4.27, 3.47‒5.25). Socio-economic and environmental factors significantly associated with increased odds of death from ALRI were: young maternal age (1.84, 1.03‒3.31); low maternal education (1.43, 1.13‒1.82); low socio-economic status (1.62, 1.32‒2.00); second-hand smoke exposure (1.52, 1.20 to 1.93); indoor air pollution (3.02, 2.11‒4.31). Immunisation (0.46, 0.36‒0.58) and good antenatal practices (0.50, 0.31‒0.81) were associated with decreased odds of death.
conclusionsHost and disease characteristics as well as socio-economic and environmental determinants affect the risk of death from ALRI in children. Together with the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, interventions to modify underlying risk factors such as poverty, lack of female education, and poor environmental conditions, should be considered among the strategies to reduce ALRI mortality in children in low- and middle-income countries.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.