ArticleReproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)2015
Progestin-Containing Contraceptives Alter Expression of Host Defense-Related Genes of the Endometrium and Cervix.
Article in Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systems analysis reveals differential expression of endocervical genes in African women randomized to DMPA-IM, LNG implant or cu-IUD.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2023Trial
- Effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device on the immune microenvironment of the human cervix and endometrium.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2016Trial
- Endometriosis and adenomyosis unveiled through single-cell glasses.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2025Review
- Real world perspectives on endometriosis disease phenotyping through surgery, omics, health data, and artificial intelligence.npj women's health · 2025Review
- Gene expression associated with unfavorable vaginal bleeding in women using the etonogestrel subdermal contraceptive implant: a prospective study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Effect of progestin-based contraceptives on HIV-associated vaginal immune biomarkers and microbiome in adolescent girls.PloS one · 2024Article
- Endometriosis in the era of precision medicine and impact on sexual and reproductive health across the lifespan and in diverse populations.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2023Review
- Update on the Impact of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Vaginal Mucosal Endpoints and Relevance to Sexually Transmitted Infections.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2023Review
- Downregulated INHBB in endometrial tissue of recurrent implantation failure patients impeded decidualization through the ADCY1/cAMP signalling pathway.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2023Article
- Regular Use of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Causes Thinning of the Superficial Lining and Apical Distribution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Target Cells in the Human Ectocervix.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- An updated review on the effects of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on the mucosal biology of the female genital tract.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2021Review
- Endometrial biomarkers in premenopausal women with obesity: an at-risk cohort.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2021Article
- The Microbiome as a Key Regulator of Female Genital Tract Barrier Function.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- HIV, progestins, genital epithelial barrier function, and the burden of objectivity†.Biology of reproduction · 2020Article
- Progestins Related to Progesterone and Testosterone Elicit Divergent Human Endometrial Transcriptomes and Biofunctions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Levonorgestrel IUD: is there a long-lasting effect on return to fertility?Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2020Review
- The contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate, unlike norethisterone, directly increases R5 HIV-1 infection in human cervical explant tissue at physiologically relevant concentrations.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Is a lower-dose, subcutaneous contraceptive injectable containing depot medroxyprogesterone acetate likely to impact women's risk of HIV?Contraception · 2018Article
- Hormonal Contraception and HIV-1 Acquisition: Biological Mechanisms.Endocrine reviews · 2018Review
- Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish Leukocytes.Biology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that progestin-containing contraceptives increase susceptibility to HIV, although the underlying mechanisms involving the upper female reproductive tract are undefined. To determine the effects of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) on gene expression and physiology of human endometrial and cervical transformation zone (TZ), microarray analyses were performed on whole tissue biopsies. In endometrium, activated pathways included leukocyte chemotaxis, attachment, and inflammation in DMPA and LNG-IUS users, and individual genes included pattern recognition receptors, complement components, and other immune mediators. In cervical TZ, progestin treatment altered expression of tissue remodeling and viability but not immune function genes. Together, these results indicate that progestins influence expression of immune-related genes in endometrium relevant to local recruitment of HIV target cells with potential to increase susceptibility and underscore the importance of the upper reproductive tract when assessing the safety of contraceptive products.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.